ISLAMIC VALUE-BASED COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY AND EDUCATION AS A FRAMEWORK FOR CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2025.13.3.1620Keywords:
Rural Waste Management, Islamic Ethics, Environmental Stewardship, Community Participation, Circular EconomyAbstract
Rural waste management presents multifaceted challenges, particularly where cultural and religious values strongly shape environmental practices. This study examines the integration of Islamic ethical principles within a community-driven waste management framework to strengthen environmental stewardship, foster sustained community engagement, and generate socio-economic benefits. Using a qualitative case study methodology, research was conducted at an Integrated Waste Management and Recycling Center (IWMRC) in a rural Indonesian village. Before the establishment of the IWMRC, local waste practices relied heavily on unregulated dumping and open burning, resulting in substantial environmental and public health risks. Since the center’s operation in 2019–2024, the IWMRC has managed approximately 60 tons of waste annually, produced 20 tons of compost, and generated Rp 9,600,000 (USD 600) per year in revenue through waste bank activities, with active participation from about 280 local households and vendors (representing approximately 56% of the community). Thematic analysis reveals that Islamic values such as Khilafah (stewardship), Taharah (cleanliness), Amanah (trustworthiness), and Shura (consultative governance) are systematically embedded in technical operations and community education, guiding waste segregation, composting, and public learning. Circular economy principles, realized through waste bank programs, offer economic incentives that empower residents and improve livelihoods. Governance structures founded on justice (Adl), public welfare (Maslahah), and inclusive consultation support institutional resilience and sustainability. While early results are promising, this study acknowledges the limited follow-up period and recommends continued monitoring to assess long-term outcomes. These findings offer valuable insights for culturally attuned and sustainable waste management in Muslim-majority rural contexts.
Downloads
References
Alao, J. O., Otorkpa, O. J., Ayejoto, D. A., & Saqr, A. M. (2025). Assessing the community knowledge on waste management practices, drinking water source systems, and the possible implications on public health systems. Cleaner Waste Systems, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100295
Azita, S. N., Fadhilah, M. Z., Zakirah, O., Hidayah, A. N., Aviasti, A., Rushanim, H., & Nasrun, M. N. M. (2020). Sustainable solid waste management knowledge and practices among rural community in Malaysia. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(6 Special Issue), 1951–1956. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083464368&partnerID=40&md5=3a2aa3309434eaf14d5b75a810fbfb4a
Azmin Shompa, Z., Akbar, M. A., & Mohd Mohadis, H. (2025). Harmonizing Maqasid al-Shari’ah with sustainable waste management practices: a conceptual framework for principles and implementation. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 18(1), 142–165. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-02-2024-0061
Begum, A., Liu, J., Marwat, I. U. K., Khan, S., Han, H., & Ariza-Montes, A. (2021). Evaluating the impact of environmental education on ecologically friendly behavior of university students in pakistan: The roles of environmental responsibility and islamic values. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810188
Bhat, I. H. (2024). Legal Implications of Environmental Crimes in Islamic Jurisprudence. Legal Transformation in Muslim Societies, 1(1), 109–129. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-86000535804&partnerID=40&md5=a0bc76b8e2a8ee2809bec6b2fbe7fac6
Bsoul, L., Omer, A., Kucukalic, L., & Archbold, R. H. (2022). Islam’s Perspective on Environmental Sustainability: A Conceptual Analysis. Social Sciences, 11(6), 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060228
Cacam, E., Nurhayati, S., Ansori, A., Boriboon, G., & Shomedran, S. (2023). Andragogy-Based Approach Learning Implementation In Open High School. Paedagoria: Jurnal Kajian, Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kependidikan, 14(4), 405–411. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31764/paedagoria.v14i4.16650
Chethan, R. K., Jambha, A. V, Pathania, C., Siddhartha, M. S. S., Darshan, K., Cornet, S., & Jayaprakash, S. K. (2024). Socio-technical Approaches to Solid Waste Management in Rural India: A Case Study of Smart Pipe Composting in Raichur District, Karnataka. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 878, 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9489-2_30
Fajarwati, A., Setyaningrum, A., Rachmawati, R., & Prakoso, B. S. E. (2020). Keys of sustainable community-based waste management (lesson learnt from Yogyakarta City). E3S Web of Conferences, 200. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020002018
Fajri, H., Saputra, B., Pegi, A. L., Renaldi, I., Halawa, H. S., & Wahyuni, N. (2025). Empowering communities through social learning: Enhancing engagement in waste management at Mandiri Kasturi. E3S Web of Conferences, 611. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202561102002
Fatimah, S., Deliana, Y., Rasmikayati, E., Trimo, L., & Hapsari, H. (2024). Towards Ecovillage Through Rural Waste Management Institution in Cinanjung, Sumedang Regency, West Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1318(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1318/1/012005
Fua, J. L., Nurlila, R. U., Gunawan, F., & Wekke, I. S. (2018). Islamic Education on Formation of Environmental Awareness in Pondok Pesantren Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 156(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/156/1/012035
Ha, L. T. (2025). Does Circularity Transformation Hinder Climate Risk? A New Insight from European Countries. Circular Economy and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-025-00521-7
Han, Z., Liu, Y., Zhong, M., Shi, G., Li, Q., Zeng, D., Zhang, Y., Fei, Y., & Xie, Y. (2018). Influencing factors of domestic waste characteristics in rural areas of developing countries. Waste Management, 72, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.039
Hobbs, S. R., Morton, E. V, Barclay, N., & Landis, A. E. (2017). Sustainability approach: Food waste-to-energy solutions for small rural developing communities. International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability, 13(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/CGP/v13i01/21-37
Humaira, N. G., & Putri, S. A. (2023). Optimizing rural solid waste management in Kalikuto village. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2683. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0125574
Hussein, J. M., Abdullah, S. K., Zuhair, M., Dahash, Z. M., & Maksutalievna, A. M. (2024). Islamic Legal Perspectives on Climate Change and Global Policy Frameworks. Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 9(2), 723–742. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v9i2.11185
Ishuga, E. M., Mugisho, G. M., & Thenya, T. (2024). Unlocking solid waste circularity in urban settings: Insights from upcoming town in Kenya. Cleaner Waste Systems, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwas.2024.100157
Islam, N. F., Gogoi, B., Saikia, R., Yousaf, B., Narayan, M., & Sarma, H. (2024). Encouraging circular economy and sustainable environmental practices by addressing waste management and biomass energy production. Regional Sustainability, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2024.100174
Ismiraj, M. R., Wulansari, A., Setiadi, Y., Pratama, A., & Mayasari, N. (2023). Perceptions of Community-Based Waste Bank Operators and Customers on Its Establishment and Operationalization: Cases in Pangandaran, Indonesia. Sustainability, 15(14), 11052. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411052
Japar, F. A. M., Ali, E., & Haidi, H. (2023). Public policy and sustainable waste management: The concept of waste in Islam in relation to sustainability. In Public Policy’s Role in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 247–260). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8903-1.ch014
Jevrić, M., & Ćipranić, I. (2023). Raising public awareness of waste management. In Circular Economy Implementation for Sustainability in the Built Environment (pp. 139–158). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8238-4.ch006
Jongsuksomsakul, P. (2024). “Waste Is Wealth”: Circular Economy Strategies from Media Persuasion to Utilization. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125205
Khoirul Anas, A., Maryono, M., & Purnaweni, H. (2023). Concept of Waste Management in the Abrasion Puddle Area. E3S Web of Conferences, 448. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344803049
Kubota, R., Horita, M., & Tasaki, T. (2020). Integration of community-based waste bank programs with the municipal solid-waste-management policy in Makassar, Indonesia. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 22(3), 928–937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-00969-9
Laohalidanond, K., & Kerdsuwan, S. (2021). Green energy recovery from waste in Thailand: Current situation and perspectives. International Journal of Energy for a Clean Environment, 22(5), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1615/INTERJENERCLEANENV.2021037107
Latanna, M. D., Gunawan, B., Franco-García, M. L., & Bressers, H. (2023). Governance Assessment of Community-Based Waste Reduction Program in Makassar. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914371
Lima, P. D. M., Morais, M. F. D., Constantino, M. A., Paulo, P. L., & Magralhães Filho, F. J. C. (2021). Environmental assessment of waste handling in rural Brazil: Improvements towards circular economy. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2021.100013
Linzalone, N., Coi, A., Lauriola, P., Luise, D., Pedone, A., Romizi, R., Sallese, D., Bianchi, F., Santoro, M., Minichilli, F., Maurello, M. T., Scaringi, M., & Zuppiroli, M. E. (2017). Participatory health impact assessment used to support decision-making in waste management planning: A replicable experience from Italy. Waste Management, 59, 557–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.035
Lutfauziah, A., Al-Muhdhar, M. H. I., & Rohman, F. (2024). DOES ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM AFFECT STUDENT’S ENVIRONMENTAL CULTURE IN ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL? Revista de Gestao Social e Ambiental, 18(5). https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n5-079
Makamté Kakeu–Tardy, R. C., & Véron, R. (2019). Hunting for tonnage: waste workers’ incentives in a public-private partnership in Bafoussam, Cameroon. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 11(2), 154–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2019.1604526
Mapani, M. B., Muthimba, W.-H. M. S., Sikidi, Y. D., & Maseko, L. (2023). Circular Economy: A Sustainable Approach to Waste Management in the City of Johannesburg. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 245, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97748-1_1
Mihai, F.-C., & Grozavu, A. (2019). Role of waste collection efficiency in providing a cleaner rural environment. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236855
Mihai, F.-C., Gündogdu, S., Markley, L. A., Olivelli, A., Khan, F. R., Gwinnett, C., Gutberlet, J., Reyna-Bensusan, N., Llanquileo-Melgarejo, P., Meidiana, C., Elagroudy, S., Ishchenko, V., Penney, S., Lenkiewicz, Z., & Molinos-Senante, M. (2022). Plastic Pollution, Waste Management Issues, and Circular Economy Opportunities in Rural Communities. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010020
Mohamad, Z. F., Idris, N., Baharuddin, A., Muhammad, A., & Nik Sulaiman, N. M. (2012). The role of religious community in recycling: Empirical insights from Malaysia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 58, 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.09.020
Mohd Zain, F. A., Muhamad, S. F., Abdullah, H., Sheikh Ahmad Tajuddin, S. A. F., & Wan Abdullah, W. A. (2024). Integrating environmental, social and governance (ESG) principles with Maqasid al-Shariah: a blueprint for sustainable takaful operations. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 17(3), 461–484. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-11-2023-0422
Munawir, A., Rusdiyanto, E., Muna, S. U. N., Ali, F., & Ihsan, M. (2024). Improving Waste Management Sustainability: The Role of Institutional Capacity and Program Objectives. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan, 14(3), 598–610. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.14.3.598
Nakashidze, N., Geladze, D., Kiknadze, N., Gvarishvili, N., & Rodinadze, S. (2024). UNIQUE ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOLS OF ADJARA. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, SGEM, 24(5.1), 353–361. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/5.1/s20.45
Nurhayati, E., & Nurhayati, S. (2023). Community waste management education: strategies and impacts. JURNAL DIMENSI, 12(3), 677–686.
Nurhayati, S. (2015). Andragogical Content Knowledge as a Key Component in the Training of the Instructors of Nonformal Education. International Education Studies, 8(2), 219–230. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n2p219
Nurhayati, S., Dina, I., Boriboon, G., & Jacob, U. S. (2024). Harmonizing Cultural Literacy and Empowerment: A Community Education Approach through Angklung Public Class. IJECA (International Journal of Education and Curriculum Application), 7(3), 404. https://doi.org/10.31764/ijeca.v7i3.28004
Nurhayati, S., & Millenia, D. (2024). Fostering Entrepreneurial Values in Early Childhood Education: A Case Study of Craft-Making and Role-Playing Activities in Bandung. ThufuLA: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Guru Raudhatul Athfal, 12(2), 307. https://doi.org/10.21043/thufula.v12i2.28642
Nurhayati, S., Nurjaman, N., & Rukanda, N. (2024). Innovation, Empowerment, And Community Development: Comprehensive Analysis Of Rural Youth-Driven Coffee Production. Masyarakat Madani: Jurnal Kajian Islam Dan Pengembangan Masyarakat, 9(2), 235–253.
Nurhayati, S., Tersta, F. W., Karwanto, K., Mintarsih, M., Jasiah, J., Sulaiman, S., Mustapa, N., Sari, I. N., & Djamil, M. M. N. (2024). Buku Ajar Pendidikan Orang Dewasa.
Olukanni, D. O., & Nwafor, C. O. (2019). Public-private sector involvement in providing efficient solid waste management services in Nigeria. Recycling, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling4020019
Omar, S. M., Chowdhury, A. J. K., & Hashi, A. A. (2016). Islamic ethics of waste management towards sustainable environmental health. International Medical Journal Malaysia, 17(Specialissue1), 193–197. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065546409&partnerID=40&md5=7ef25e0e26222affab63a3cbef56d201
Omercic, J. (2024). Islamic Approach to Energy Justice. In Sustainable Development Goals Series: Vol. Part F3606 (pp. 153–165). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6059-6_11
Pamuji, K., Rosyadi, S., & Nasihuddin, A. A. (2023). The legal institutional model of community-based waste management to reinforce multi-stakeholder collaboration in Indonesia. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 44(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2023.44.1.08
Pramiati, S. K., Soesilo, T. E. B., & Agustina, H. (2021). Post-Consumer plastic packaging waste management in Indonesia: a producer responsibility approach. E3S Web of Conferences, 325. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132503005
Purnomo, J., Anantanyu, S., Saptaningtyas, H., & Mangunjaya, F. M. (2024). PROPHETIC APPROACH IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT: A CASE STUDY OF SUSTAINABLE PESANTREN DEVELOPMENT. Revista de Gestao Social e Ambiental, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n8-047
Rafeeq, M., Ateequrahman, A., Alam, S., & Mikdad, M. (2016). Automation of plastic, metal and glass waste materials segregation using arduino in scrap industry. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems, ICCES 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/CESYS.2016.7889840
Ratnawulan, S., Nurhayati, S., Taufikin, Lotfi, F. Z., & Olugbade, D. (2025). Leveraging Digital Technology to Strengthen Adult Education and Engagement in Islamic Study Group (Majlis Ta’lim). Journal of Education Research, 6(1), 79–89. https://doi.org/10.37985/jer.v6i1.2280
Rekan, A. A., Mokhtar, M. I., Tengku Kasim, T. S. A., & Yusoff, Y. M. (2024). Research Article: Instructional Approach of Islamic Education Teachers to Gearing Up Future Muslim Generations with Environmental Education. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, 39(2), 249–272. https://doi.org/10.21315/apjee2024.39.2.13
Rosita, T., Nurhayati, S., Jumiatin, D., Rosmiati, A., & Abdu, W. J. (2020). Using Traditional Role-Play Games By Adults To Nurture A Culture Of Cooperation Among Children Amidst Wide-Spread Engagement In Online Games Within Today’s Technological Society. Journal of Critical Reviews (JCR), 7(7), 183–186.
Sahu, M., & Reddy, K. T. V. (2024). Municipal Waste Management System Based using IoT and YOLOv7. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3188(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0240216
Salim, H., Jackson, M., Stewart, R. A., & Beal, C. D. (2023). Drivers-pressures-state-impact-response of solid waste management in remote communities: A systematic and critical review. Cleaner Waste Systems, 4, 100078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwas.2023.100078
Sekito, T., Prayogo, T. B., Dote, Y., Yoshitake, T., & Bagus, I. (2013). Influence of a community-based waste management system on people’s behavior and waste reduction. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 72, 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.01.001
Senekane, M. F., Makhene, A., & Oelofse, S. (2021). Methodology to investigate indigenous solid waste systems and practices in the rural areas surrounding maseru (Kingdom of lesotho). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105355
Shukla, A., Yadav, N., Khunasathitchai, K., Bakshi, I., & Sharma, N. (2024). Waste management outlook and future directions in rural touristic areas. In Solid Waste Management and Disposal Practices in Rural Tourism (pp. 495–522). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-9621-6.ch020
Shyamal, D. S., Kazmi, A. A., Malik, S., Chaudhary, S., Patnaik, S., & Chauhan, S. (2023). Evaluation of the implementation of a community-led solid waste management system: a case study. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 25(6), 3857–3871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-023-01765-x
Silva-González, J. A., Chandel, A. K., da Silva, S. S., & Balagurusamy, N. (2021). Biogas in circular bio-economy: Sustainable practice for rural farm waste management and techno-economic analyses. In Biogas Production: From Anaerobic Digestion to a Sustainable Bioenergy Industry (pp. 389–414). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58827-4_17
Singh, K., Chaudhary, M., Mohanty, A., Rahman, A., & Dominic, I. (2020). Study of municipal solid waste management and factors affecting its sustainability in Indian scenario. In Emerging Technologies in Food Science: Focus on the Developing World (pp. 155–161). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2556-8_14
Souza Piao, R., Vincenzi, T. B., Vazquez-Brust, D. A., Yakovleva, N., Bonsu, S., & Carvalho, M. M. (2024). Barriers toward circular economy transition: Exploring different stakeholders’ perspectives. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 31(1), 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2558
Spoann, V., Fujiwara, T., Seng, B., Lay, C., & Yim, M. (2019). Assessment of public-private partnership in municipal solid waste management in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051228
Sreekumar, N. M., Sudheep, N. M., & Radhakrishnan, E. K. (2024). Framework for implementing circular economy in agriculture. In The Potential of Microbes for a Circular Economy (pp. 25–52). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15924-4.00009-6
Sunari, R., & Nurhayati, S. (2023). Community environmental education through a local knowledge-based learning program on plastic waste management. Journal on Education, 5(4), 13093–13099. https://doi.org/https://www.jonedu.org/index.php/joe/article/view/2310
Sunarti, S., Zebua, R. S. Y., Tjakraatmadja, J. H., Ghazali, A., Rahardyan, B., Koeswinarno, K., Suradi, S., Nurhayu, N., & Ansyah, R. H. A. (2023). Social learning activities to improve community engagement in waste management program. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 9(3), 403–426. https://doi.org/10.22035/gjesm.2023.03.04
Susantrin, S., Noor, A. H., Nurhayati, S., & Taufikin, T. (2025). Economic Empowerment and Community Education through Bank Sampah: A Systematic Review of Waste Management Initiatives. Jurnal Ilmiah Profesi Pendidikan, 10(2), 1508–1514. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29303/jipp.v10i2.3262
Taelman, S. E., Tonini, D., Wandl, A., & Dewulf, J. (2018). A Holistic sustainability framework for waste management in European Cities: Concept development. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072184
Tatsuno, M., Dickella Gamaralalage, P. J., & Onogawa, K. (2021). Moving from waste to resource management: A case study of Lake Toba, Indonesia. Waste Management and Research, 39(11), 1365–1374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211050774
Tini, W., Nuraeni, L., & Nurhayati, S. (2025). Developing Sundanese Language and Cultural Literacy in Early Learners through Educational Picture Board Games. Jurnal Ilmiah Profesi Pendidikan, 10(1), 521–529.
Ulum, A. S., Djati, M. S., & Rozuli, A. I. (2024). Community-Based Plastic Waste Management Model in Bangun Village, Mojokerto Regency, Indonesia. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 23(4), 2489–2498. https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2024.v23i04.056
Viljoen, J. M. M., Schenck, C. J., Volschenk, L., Blaauw, P. F., & Grobler, L. (2021). Household waste management practices and challenges in a rural remote town in the hantam municipality in the northern cape, south africa. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115903
Wijayanti, A. (2023). Platform and E-Commerce Design for Indonesian Family Businesses. Tạp Chí Khoa Học Đại Học Văn Hiến, 9(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.58810/vhujs.9.3.2023.741
Zabidi, F. N. M., Abd Rahman, N., & Halim, L. (2021). Integration of islamic values for environmental conservation: An analysis of school textbooks. Religions, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12070509
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Srinurhayati Ikipsiliwangi, Angga Setra, Taufikin Taufikin

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0] that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work, with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online.