Humanities Journal of University of Zakho

USING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT

Basheer Y. Ismail, Wahid M. Ramo — Tue, 08 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The current study aims to clarify Blockchain technology, the areas that can be applied to, the use of this technology in developing accounting systems and increasing the quality of accounting information to facilitate the decision-making process related to granting credit. Further, the role of Blockchain Blockchain technology in future forecasts and improving credit risk management is demonstrated. To achieve the objectives of the study, a pragmatic approach that mixes the inductive and deductive approaches was adopted to discuss the basics of Blockchain technology and its most important accounting effects by designing a Blockchain network dedicated to predicting financial failure models for companies and applying the Altman Z score model to (10) private joint-stock companies listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange. Hence, a questionnaire is designed to take the opinions of academics and professionals from lecturers working in Iraqi public universities and the Kurdistan Region. The results concluded that there is an impact of Blockchain technology in improving credit risk management. This effect came as an outcome of the changes that occurred in the level of improvement in credit risk management, which is in turn resulted from changes in the level of using Blockchain technology.

THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MARKETING AWARENESS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMER CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR

Mohammed A. Omar — Tue, 08 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The paper aims at providing a clear concept of environmental marketing awareness and its role in enhancing customer citizenship behavior for industrial organizations in the city of Dohuk, benefiting from the creative capabilities of workers and modern technologies that the organizations understudy possess on an ongoing basis. Environmental marketing stems from the interest in the customer as the basic pillar in the markets. This enables organizations to outperform competing organizations. The current paper has relied on testing environmental marketing awareness as an independent variable with its factors and customer citizenship behavior as a dependent variable with its dimensions. An analytical analysis is used in order to identify the nature of relationship of correlation and influence between the independent and dependent variables. A number of main and sub-hypotheses were formulated and tested through the use of a set of analytical statistical methods. A number of 74 valid forms were retrieved for statistical analysis. The findings concluded that the industrial organizations need to look for advanced strategies to generate economic value, allowing to create a vision for it through the perspective of responsibility in protecting the environment and preserving its resources in a sustainable manner. Finally, it is recommended that the industrial organizations need to develop, produce and provide environmentally friendly products that are efficient and effective in contributing to reduce environmental pollution processes.

SENSORY MARKETING AND ITS ROLE IN ENHANCING MARKETING PERFORMANCE

Refink M. Salim, Mevan S. Rashid, Sami F. Salih — Sun, 13 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The current paper aims to study sensory marketing and its role in enhancing marketing performance in four- and five-star restaurants in the city of Dohuk. Sensory marketing is one of the approaches that can help organizations increase their profitability and enhance their marketing performance, as the customer is often attracted to the brand on the basis of his sensory experience. The researchers used the descriptive analytical method, and a questionnaire was administered to survey the opinions of the research sample, i.e., 71 workers from four- and five-star restaurants in the city of Dohuk. By using statistical methods, the results were analyzed and the hypotheses were tested. The most important points of conclusion indicate that sensory marketing has a significant effect on enhancing marketing performance, and the largest significant effect on the level of dimensions was for the sensory promotion dimension, compared to the least significant effect of the sensory pricing dimension on marketing performance. Finally, it was recommended to develop pricing policies that take into account the difference in income levels of customers and to target the emotional and cognitive side of customers through the use of lighting, colors, music, and attention-grabbing designs and shapes.

THE IMPACT OF TRADE OPENNESS AND GOVERNANCE ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: AN ANALYTICAL ECONOMETRIC STUDY FOR SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES AND CHINA FOR THE PERIOD (2000-2022)

Jyan J. Shiba, AbdulHamid S. Zahir — Thu, 31 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The study aims to quantify the impact of trade openness and governance on foreign direct investment in Southeast Asian countries and China during the period 2000-2022. Furthermore, the study utilized the quantitative method, specifically the Autoregressive Distributed Lags Panel Model (ARDL Panel Model, PMG),, to determine the impact of the variables under study on foreign direct investment and to estimate the parameters of the model. The findings demonstrate that there is a statistically significant effect of the explanatory variables on foreign direct investment. They indicate that gross domestic products, trade openness and economic stability have a significant positive effect on foreign direct investment of in Southeast Asian countries and China ; while government effectiveness, corruption and exchange rate have a significant negative effect on foreign direct investment of the countries under study. Finally, the study offers a number of proposals, including: the need for host countries to pay attention to the political stability index, which is one of the most influential indicators in attracting foreign investments, since foreign investors inclined to invest in countries where political stability prevails. Additionally, a suitable environment for foreign companies can be created by engaging in free trade agreements and eliminating customs barriers and restrictions for foreign investors.

ETHICS BETWEEN REASON AND SHARIA

Ali A. Mustafa, Amad K. Salih — Thu, 07 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The research revolves around the importance of the mind in the statement of moral values, and if it can play a role in this field, the research mentioned the Islamic intellectual trends in this field, which revolved around two main trends, a section that governs that the qualities of good and ugliness are subjective in actions, and in the ability of the mind to see them and know the rule of God in them before the mission of the prophets, and a team of them went to the order of blame for it sooner and later before the advent of Sharia. The other part believed in a kind of moral consequences that could be defined by reason based on the interest and corruption decided by the mind, but they remain additional qualities of consideration, and do not acquire their value and do not outweigh one over the other until after the divine command is received. The first team is headed by the Mu'tazilites, while the second is led by the Ash'aris. And the most famous division of the subject of dispute - although it was considered - what Imam Razi mentioned, he mentioned a division of three aspects, what was in accordance with the nature and purpose and what was contrary to it, and the latter was the characteristic of perfection and the recipe of deficiency, and the third what deserved praise and slander. So they unanimously agreed on the rationality of the first two and differed in the third, so the Mu'tazila and those who agreed with them went to make it mental as well, and the Ash'aris disagreed with them and those who agreed with them that Sharia is the one that gives the quality of good and ugliness to it. They are not subjective, and the mind cannot be certain of God's judgment in them before the law. The research mentioned the evidence of the two groups with discussion and analysis, and the weighting of the subjectivity of the qualities of good and ugliness in the acts in the absent and the witness, and the possibility of the mind to stand on it, with the denial of blame before the arrival of Sharia for the frankness of the legal texts in that the reward and punishment are arranged after the arrival of the message and proof of the argument.

THE IMPACT OF THE USE OF FINANCIAL LEVERAGE ON LIQUIDITY BANKING, AN ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR THE COMMERCIAL BANK OF IRAQ FOR THE PERIOD (2004-2022)

Firas M. Fouad — Sun, 10 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This study sought to know the effect of financial leverage on bank liquidity through data obtained from the financial reports issued by the Commercial Bank of Iraq during the period (2004-2022) because the aforementioned bank was the research sample. The research relied on the analytical approach using the influence model of the research variables through the (SPSS25) program. The study reached several results, including the presence of an impact of financial leverage on bank liquidity. One of the most important research proposals is achieving a balance between liquidity and entering into investment projects to achieve profitability and achieve banking goals. In order to reduce the risks resulting from banking activities in the future, it has been proposed to follow the principles of universal and private banking. In the field of diversifying the loans granted, which would reduce banking risks, especially with regard to the loans granted.

TIME SERIES MODELING AND FORECASTING OF CONSUMER PRICE INDICES: COMPREHENSIVE ARIMA ANALYSIS AND EXPLORATION OF FUTURE TRENDS IN IRAQI MARKET

Mustafa F.Faris — Sun, 24 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This study aimed to look at information on customer price indexes (CPI) in Iraq, from 2000 to 2023, using the auto-regressive coordinates moving average (ARIMA) demonstrated for prescient investigation. The primary focus of this study was the necessity of a dependable method for determining consumer prices in a constantly shifting landscape. The approach involved obtaining CPI data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, applying the ARIMA (0,2,3) (0,0,1) model with R programming, and conducting a comprehensive analysis that incorporated descriptive statistics, parameter estimation, and validation tests. The key finding revealed that the ARIMA model effectively captured and predicted CPI patterns, consistent with previous theories, demonstrating its efficacy in Iraqi market. In essence, the results of this study provide valuable insights for those involved in financial decision-making, enhancing our understanding of potential buyer price trends and highlighting the significance of utilizing the ARIMA model in CPI analysis in Iraqi market.

THE ROLE OF INTERNAL WORK ENVIRONMENT DIMENSIONS IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF WORK LIFE

Fairooz M. Hamdi — Thu, 28 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0300

The current research aims to analyze the relationship between the internal work environment at Duhok Technical University through its physical, social, and organizational dimensions, and the quality of work life. The descriptive analytical method was employed, and the researcher utilized a Google Forms questionnaire to collect data, receiving 57 valid responses from faculty members at both the College of Administrative Technology and the Institute of Administrative Technology. The data were analyzed using a variety of statistical methods relying on the SPSS software (V22). The research yielded several conclusions, the most significant of which include a deficiency in the physical work environment, alongside a positive correlation between the dimensions of the work environment (physical, social, and organizational) and the quality of work life. Moreover, the results affirmed that the organizational dimension has the most significant impact on the quality of work life. Consequently, a set of recommendations were proposed to enhance the internal work environment at the researched university, including: improving facilities and services, enhancing health and safety programs, improving maintenance systems, revising salary and compensation systems, fostering communication between management and faculty members, involving them in decision-making processes, and providing opportunities for professional development.

GENERATIVE APPROACHES TO BEHDINI-KURDISH STUDENTS' ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH PASSIVIZATION

Shivan Shlaymoon Toma — Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This research examines how Behdini-Kurdish students acquire passive voice in English, focusing on the interaction between their innate linguistic abilities and external language input. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study investigates the strategies used by Kurdish learners on acquiring passive voice constructions, which pose a notable challenge for many individuals learning English as a foreign language. By analyzing the cognitive processes and tactics used by these students, this research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in second language acquisition (SLA) from the perspective of generative grammar. Preliminary observations suggest that Kurdish students' acquisition of the passive voice in English is influenced by factors such as the linguistic structure of their native language, exposure to language input, and their inherent language acquisition ability. This study emphasizes the importance of tailored pedagogical strategies that align with the theories of generative grammar to enhance Kurdish students' competence in mastering passive voice structures in English. Practical results show that explicit instruction and increased exposure to passive constructions in English significantly improve learners' proficiency. In addition, error analysis reveals common problems with verb forms and agent placement, necessitating focused educational interventions. This study provides important insights into the challenges faced by Behdini-Kurdish students in acquiring passive voice structures in English. Several key conclusions are drawn from this study including challenges in learning passive voice in English among the majority of Behdini-Kurdish learners due to the effect of language transfer in most cases.

A LACANIAN ANALYSIS OF ORHAN PAMUK’S ‘THE RED-HAIRED WOMAN’

Huda M. Salih — Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Orhan Pamuk's novel The Red Haired Woman delves into the complexities of identity desire and the unconscious mind through the character of Cem. By employing a Lacanian analysis, this qualitative research paper aims to explore how Cem's psyche is shaped by the interplay between the Symbolic, the Imaginary, and the Real. Drawing from Lacanian concepts such as the mirror stage castration anxiety and the Oedipus complex, this paper sheds light on the underlying psychological factors influencing Cem's actions and relationships within the novel. By delving into these Lacanian concepts we gain a deeper understanding of Cem's character and the overall themes explored in Orhan Pamuk's novel. The novel invites the readers to contemplate the intricacies of the human psyche and the perpetual pursuit of identity and desire in the face of societal constraints. Pamuk’s narrative, set against the backdrop of Turkey’s socio-political landscape, intricately weaves together themes of fatherhood, patricide, and the search for meaning. By unraveling the symbolic and imaginary dimensions of the narrative, this study illuminates the novel's deeper layers of meaning. It offers insights into the human condition as portrayed through Pamuk’s literary lens. Pamuk intricately intertwines themes of patricide, fatherhood, and existential quest, providing fertile ground for a Lacanian reading.

LEXICAL COLLOCATIONAL ERRORS MADE BY EFL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Rezheen S. Ahmed , Fakhir O. Mohammed — Sun, 08 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This research paper addresses various lexical collocational errors made by EFL private school students, aiming to investigate their writings (essays and paragraphs) through detailed analysis. The primary objectives of this study are to identify various lexical collocation errors in the written compositions of students at the school level and to provide the correct forms of these lexical collocations to enhance their writing accuracy. The study utilizes both qualitative and quantitative methods, focusing on a sample of 50 randomly selected students (males and females), who participated voluntarily. By using qualitative and quantitative methods and adopting the classification of lexical collocational errors by Benson et al. (1997), for data analysis and to check the acceptance of word combinations, these errors were manually identified in the target written tasks. Then, the researchers used the HASK collocation database (www.pelcra.pl/hask_en/), a reliable online resource containing a large number of collocations. The extracted errors were analyzed and interpreted, with their frequencies and percentages tabulated using Excel bar charts. The findings of the study conclude that EFL students make diverse errors in using lexical collocations in their writing when they try to express their thoughts and ideas. In the analysis of 50 academic pieces of writing, 58 lexical collocation errors were found. It was also found that two specific patterns, (verb + noun) and (verb + adverb) were rarely or almost never used by the participants of the study. The study also found that literal translation from the native language to the target language and limited knowledge of collocations were the main reasons behind these errors. The current study is valuable since collocations play an essential role in improving writing skills. Particularly, the identification of common lexical collocation errors helps educators target specific instructional areas and understand their impact on students' long-term language development. The findings also aid curriculum developers in addressing lexical challenges faced by EFL high school students.

GENERATIONAL TRAUMA IN SHERMAN ALEXIE’S AND JEROME ROTHENBERG’S SELECTED POETRY

Ala B. Ahmed — Sun, 08 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Jewish and Native American history is widely recognized to have many similarities. The catastrophic events of the Holocaust and Native American colonization created trauma for centuries. This article attempts to investigate the portrayal of generational trauma in Sherman Alexie’s and Jerome Rothenberg’s poetry. Generational trauma refers to a trauma that has been inherited from one generation to another. It does not necessarily mean that an individual has to go through a direct traumatic event him/herself. Rather, it is transmitted through secondary memory which refers to recollecting memory and storytelling. Cathy Caruth’s psychoanalytical theory Unacclaimed Experience (1996) on historical trauma is utilized while analyzing the selected poems. Alexie and Rothenberg write poetry about their heritage, history, ancestors, and cultures. Moreover, this article aims to show how Rothenberg depicts the struggles of second/third-generation of Holocaust survivors, their detachment from their homelands, and the memory of the past. As well as investigating Alexie’s characterization of the issues related to Natives’ communities: such as alcoholism, sexual abuse, drug use, and family dysfunctions. These problems have existed hundreds of years after colonization.

SYMBOLS IN POEMS (NAWZAD RAFAT AND GHOBADI JALI ZADEH)

Kamran A. Khidr Khoshnaw — Sun, 15 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Symbolic poetry is one of the artistic devices that gives depth to the text, and helps to avoid speech simplicity, because symbols are a major cause of deviation and transition from literal, quick and monosyllabic understanding. Thus, on the one hand, the symbol is an aesthetic element of poetry and itself., and on the other hand, because not every reader is able to understand the meanings of such texts and decipher the hidden meanings, find the symbols and hidden codes, so these texts take longer to understand and there linger longer in society. Therefore, our contemporary poets in general, and (Nawzad Rafat and Ghobadi Jali Zadeh) in particular, have a broad general background and comprehensive enlightenment in all fields. Conseaquently, they have been able to incorporate most types of symbols and put them at the service of poetry.

PRINTING ARABIC BOOKS IN EUROPE 1475 – 1710

karwan S. waisy — Sun, 15 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0300

This period of printing and translating Arabic books in Europe (1475-1710) is considered as a “significant and preliminary phase” of printing books in Arabic language in Europe. Hence, this article is allocated to depict the printing books in Arabic language process. This article pays a great attention to the written language of Quran and Arabic grammar in Europe. This subject is been regularly ignored, and Kurdish academic institutions have begun to pay attention to it. As a result, this research attempts to clarify some historical development and new assessment of i. This study has taken most attention to the printing process, types of printings, and other aspects of it. The article uses some key articles and reports, which are published in English language. The objective of this research is to show the most important Arabic books that have been printed in Europe and the European aims of printing these books. Most of the Arabic books printed by Europeans were related to Islam and Arabic grammar. This raises key questions why European paid most attention to the printing and translating Arabic accounts. According to this premise, this research aims to answer some crucial questions that are related to this study, such as: Why the European paid most attention to printing and translating Arabic books? What subjects and issues were these books related to? Were Europeans seeking to benefit from those books, or were they attempting to critique Islam and the Arabic language? Did the printing and translating Arabic books have effects on the emergence of ideas in the Arabic World?

FINDING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS IN KAMAL SULEIVANI'S NEY YA BENDEMANÊ (THE WAITING NAIL) BASED ON ALFRED ADLER’S THEORY

Diler K. Ahmed — Tue, 17 Dec 2024 00:00:00 +0300

Based on literary theory, the novel titles Ney ya Bendemanê has a strong relationship with society and individuals. The novel often becomes a mirror of the society, in which many complex dynamics are displayed between individuals and their communities, reflecting the psychological dimensions and the extent to which they affect individuals' behaviors and feelings within their social environments.

In the light of this literary vision, this research attempts to analyze Kamal Suleivani's novel Suleivani's Ney ya Bendemanê (The Waiting Nail), according to the psychosocial dimensions of the protagonists, which prompted the writer to use the novel's artistic techniques, writing his novel from a socio-psychological point of view, in a way that reflects the individual's life and the social conditions in which he lives.

For this purpose, the novel was used by Suleivani's novel Ney ya Bendemanê (The Waiting Nail) based on Alfred Adler’s Theory to conduct an article entitled Finding the Psychological and Social Dynamics in the novel. The researcher resourced the psychoanalytic theory of the character Alfred Adler in writing this research, because this theory emphasizes the close relationship between society and individuals and urges that this relationship is studied and pursued.

The study revealed that the novelist was able to successfully embody the psychological contract of individuals within society and employ it so as to reflect the identity of those individuals and their groups within a specific framework. Moreover, he was able to draw the psychological contract, especially one (inferiority complex) of individuals and demonstrate its effects on the behaviors of members of society.