Humanities Journal of University of Zakho

THE UPRISING OF THE GULAN REVOLUTION IN BAHDINAN AND ITS OUTCOMES (1976–1978)

Hujeen Taher — 2025-04-30

The Gulan Revolution uprising in Bahdinan is considered a significant event in Kurdish national history. After the collapse of the Aylol Revolution, the PDK made efforts on various levels to establish a temporary headquarters in the Bahdinan area in preparation for a new uprising. One of their first steps was to reorganize in villages and towns. They, then, set up a temporary headquarters, and during the establishment of their groups, they launched the revolution, initiating attacks in Sindi, Guli, northern Barwari, and Nerway. These attacks targeted Iraqi government military stations. Since Turkey adopted a policy of indifference, the revolution's focal point was Bahdinan. This research addresses several key questions: How did the PDK’s temporary headquarters help people recover from the fallout of the Aylol Revolution? Under these circumstances, how were they able to reorganize? How did they manage to re-establish their checkpoints? What steps did the PDK take to trigger the revolution? What strategies were used to secure its establishment? What was the Iraqi government’s response to the PDK’s groups? How did the Ba'ath government oppose the revolution and the Kurds?

EMOTIONAL ATTRACTION IN ELECTION CAMPAIGN ADVERTISING

Payman Saeed — 2025-05-07

Emotion is a state of feeling versus perception that arises from all five senses. Emotion and reason are two basic pillars of human thought that have an influential role in behavior. Emotion is more effective and takes less time to persuade and change direction and attitudes, so it is used as an important factor in election campaign advertisements. Election advertising has great importance in politics, especially during elections, where parties and candidates try to influence the public and win their votes by advertising themselves through mass communication channels. Such as television, radio, internet, newspapers, magazines, posters, etc. In the context of the sixth round of the Kurdistan Regional Government parliamentary elections, emotional appeal was strategically employed in candidates’ and party lists’ advertisements to garner public support. The primary objective of electoral advertising is to align with public interests, with the overarching aim of influencing voter behavior and encouraging participation in the electoral process.

DEVIATION AND PARALLELISM IN LONGFELLOW’S THE RAINY DAY: A STYLISTIC STUDY

Wirya Ameen — 2025-06-11

The present paper is an attempt to analyze Longfellow’s ‘The Rainy Day’ (1842) from the perspective of parallelism and deviation which are two stylistic tools utilized to unravel the intention behind any given literary work. These stylistic devices are said to have been utilized by writers as strategies to establish a hierarchy of meanings and themes in the text, bringing some to the fore, shifting others to the background, or repeating some structural features here and there. The procedure adopted is analyzing the poem under study, which consists of three stanzas, in the light of the above mentioned stylistic devices, highlighting their role in revealing the poet’s intention behind this literary work. The paper has come out with certain conclusions, such as that the poet utilizes parallelism to convey the cyclic repetition of natural and social events which often cause boredom and monotony; internal deviation is utilized by the writer to result in a contrast between an idea expressed in the first two stanzas, and another stated in the third. The paper rounds off with a list of the references from which inspirations have been taken.

A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL MOVES IN WRITING REQUEST EMAILS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Chiayee Faqe — 2025-06-15

This study investigates the linguistic analysis of rhetorical moves of request strategies in writing emails among Kurdish university students engaged in an academic setting at Soran University. That is, how Kurdish university students structure and phrase request emails in English, focusing on the rhetorical moves they use to make their requests polite, clear, and persuasive. In fact, little is known about the specific challenges Kurdish university students face. By analyzing these students' rhetorical patterns, the study aims to improve our understanding of their communication needs and support more effective instruction for writing request emails in academic settings. This study adopts Swales' (1990) theory to analyze the data qualitatively and explore the rhetorical moves of request emails from a linguistic framework. For this purpose, fourteen emails were found in the researchers’ workplace emails. For the sake of data analysis, the researchers used a genre-based approach. All the email senders were Kurdish university learners of English as a foreign language. The findings revealed that though students tend to employ rhetorical moves, when communicating in English as a second language—especially when making requests via email. The current study also adds to the existing literature in the field of pure linguistics, offering insights into linguistic awareness that can be found in other scholarly works. It also highlights that Kurdish university students can easily communicate digitally in this technological era as academics once they acquire English language as a second language.

PATRIOTIC THEATER: A STUDY OF GHARBI MUSTAFA’S LEYLA, THE KURDISH BRIDE & W.B. YEATS’ CATHLEEN NI HOULIHAN

Diyar Kurdi — 2025-06-17

The present study is an attempt to examine the representation of patriotism and nationalism in Irish and Kurdish plays. Specifically, the researcher deals with two dramas one penned by the Kurdish playwright Gharbi Mustafa, and the other by the Irish dramatist William Butler Yeats. Their stage plays, Mustafa’s Leyla, The Kurdish Bride (2010), and Yeats’ Cathleen Ni Houlihan (1902), have been taken into account in order to analyze how the two aforesaid plays are patriotic in nature. For the purpose of achieving the aim of the study, i.e., investigating expressions of national pride and belonging, a careful attention is given to specific symbols, motifs, characterizations, and narratives present in the opted scripts. The analysis of the study signifies that Yeats makes use of an Irish myth-derived figure, namely Cathleen who, in reality, is an incarnation of Ireland, to depict national identity and political conflicts. Meanwhile, Mustafa fictionalizes the true events of a Kurdish martyr, Leyla Qasim, to enlighten the Kurdish case and how the Kurds have been deprived of their privileges for ages. The two dramatic works thematize persecution, foreign oppression, a longing for freedom among other related themes. The paper comes to the conclusion that although these two plays are written over a century apart, yet in tandem they shed light on political oppression, a wish to be free, and national belonging.

FATHER-SON RELATIONSHIP IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER AND CORMAC MCCARTHY’S THE ROAD

Hala Younis — 2025-06-24

The current paper deals with father-son relationship in the East represented by Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner and in the West which is demonstrated by Cormac McCarthy’s The Road. This study analyzes the characters and explores their relationships with reference to psychological theory of attachment by the renowned British psychiatrist John Bowlby (1907-1990). The two novels reflect biographical accounts of the two authors especially that of Hosseini and his life in Afghanistan and the fatherly figure type he has had like Amir and the majority of the Eastern fathers. Furthermore, it argues that the father and son relationship illustrated by Baba and Amir in The Kite Runner is cold and distant. In contrast, father - son relationship in The Road is an affectionate and loving relationship. This strong bond between the nameless father and son is meant to represent all fathers and the sons especially those in the West since the novel is written about America. The study concludes that all good fathers love their sons whether in the East or West. However, while the father and son relationship in the West in The Road is demonstrated through the father showing his love and taking care of his son. Baba and Amir’s relationship looks distant and cold with a lack of communication on the surface. Nevertheless, the Eastern fathers represented by Baba do love their sons and the sons likewise in hard situations they are willing to work hard and go beyond their abilities to provide for their sons and afford a good education for them.

THE ACTION PLAN OF THE RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE PHENOMENON OF REVENGE

Yousif Mawlood — 2025-06-24

This research examines the content of the action plan of the Rightly Guided Caliphs from the beginning of their caliphates. The caliphs articulated aspects of these plans in their inaugural speeches, highlighting their influence on social customs and traditions and their role in curbing the phenomenon of revenge. Through analyzing these speeches, the research attempts to reveal the extent to which the caliphs adhered to and implemented these principles in their daily lives and in managing state affairs. The study also sheds light on the principles of justice, equality, and forgiveness emphasized by the caliphs in their practical practices, and how these principles contributed to fostering societal unity and progress while reducing disputes and conflicts through the application of Islamic law. Additionally, the research discusses the direct impact of the caliphs' speeches on transforming the concept of revenge. This transformation shifted it from an individual and tribal characteristic to a concept governed within the framework of the state and its laws, under the jurisdiction of the legitimate ruler to achieve social justice. In this way, the four Rightly Guided Caliphs implemented policies of forgiveness, tolerance, and justice to establish a unified and stable society.