Humanities Journal of University of Zakho

THE EXTRAVAGANCE AND LUXURY AMONG THE SELJUK SULTANS OF RUM AS DEPICTED IN THE CONCISE BOOK "SELJUKNAMA" AUTHORED BY AN ANONYMOUS WRITER.

Othman Omer — 2025-01-09

The Seljuk state of Rum (1) is one of the Islamic states that ruled Asia Minor for nearly two and a half centuries (470-704 AH / 1074-1307 AD), during which the sultans of the Sultanate were characterized by extravagance and luxury, as it generated huge sums of money from the conquests. They showed great generosity in bestowing gifts on the rulers. The parties and their messengers during their visits used to spend huge amounts of money on the leaders and princes during their victories and conquests of the Armenian castles and Byzantine cities. They also held celebrations, amusement, and mirth, in addition to the money and gifts they lavished on wedding occasions, etc. Therefore, this study sheds light on the phenomenon of extravagance and luxury practiced by the sultans of the Seljuks of Rum in Anatolia through the book “Mukhtasar Selcuknameh” by an unknown author, which is originally a summary of the book “Al-Awmār Al-Ala’i fi Al-Mār Al-Ala’ī” by Ibn Bibi.

POSITIVE THINKING, RELATIONSHIP TO RESPECT TOWARD OTHERS AMONG KOYA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS

Shahen — 2025-01-22

The aim of this study is to investigate the level of positive thinking and respect for others in general among teachers of Koya University, as well as reveal the level of each of these variables according to demographic variables (gender, faculty, academic degree). It also aims at finding a relationship between positive thinking and respect for others in the study sample. The research population consisted of 383 male and 136 female teachers. The sample was randomly selected from 100 male and female teachers. The study included measures of positive thinking and respect for others used, Statistical software (SPSS) was used to present and analyze the data. the most important statistical techniques used (mean, standard deviation, T test for two independent samples, Anova, Normal, and Pearson correlation) The results showed that Koya University teachers have high positive thinking above the average level, there is no statistically significant difference in their level of positive thinking according to the variables (gender, faculty, academic degree). The level of respect for others among teachers of Koya University is high and there is no statistically difference in the level of respect for others according to the variables (gender, faculty, academic degree). In light of the results, several recommendations were made.

MEDIA AS A TOOL FOR LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, THE LANGUAGE OF NEWS FORMULATION AS A MODEL

Abdul Khaleq Mahmood — 2025-01-28

The research deals with an important linguistic issue, which is the problem of language development and its continuous transformations, examining the linguistic levels at which change takes place, the forms that this change takes, and explaining the role of the media as a tool in this process. The research was initiated out of the hypothesis that the media plays a fundamental role in the process of change that occurs in the body of language. The research adopted the language used in editing press news as a model to demonstrate the aspects of change that occur in the language, It consisted of two theoretical and applied parts, through the analysis of two models of three press stories separated by more than fifty years. The research concluded, after analysis and comparison, that the media has a major role in preserving the continuity of languages, through the changes it makes and on many linguistic levels, most notably the structural levels. and lexico-semantic level.