Humanities Journal of University of Zakho

Sense as a source of knowledge A mental critical study of John Locke's empiricism

Ali Mustafa — 2024-04-13

The research aims to present the empirical vision of the pioneer of its philosophy in the modern era, John Locke, because he is the theorist of it, and because it the only way which the West locking to the world, and the importance and impact of this philosophy on the skopos vision of man and his relationship with the world, in the both dimensions. Therefore, it’s necessary to provide a rational criticism to this philosophy, in a critical analytical study, with the experimental and mental evidence, and obliging the opposite party which adopt the empiricism. It was concluded that the empirical philosophy has their bears factors that refute it internally, which it cannot prove its claim through experience. In addition to, John Locke believes in a specific experience which the mind has an effective and essential role in determining its features, and denies the basic mental necessities, and proves -at the same time- the existence of the Creator and the sense of human self, which relies in the folds of his conclusion on the innate law of causation. And this philosophy dependent on an incomplete induction that measures the absent on the witness, it can be rejected as just an experiment that did not have the opportunity to find examples contrary to it, and therefore the certainty sought by John Locke is abstained. And the anthropological surveys conducted on children proved that at very early stages they realize the innate principles and the existence of a supreme being.

The effectiveness of using the two strategies of blended learning and flipped learning in the achievement of the tenth-grade high school students in the subject of Kurdish grammar.

Heevy Sarhan — 2024-04-21

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of using the blended learning and flipped learning strategies in the achievement of the tenth-grade high school students in the subject of Kurdish grammar. The research community included tenth grade students from literary classes in day high schools for girls. There were (3319) students from the Semel Education Directorate in Semel district for the academic year (2021 – 2022). The sample included (81) students from (Shanaz for girls) and (Kumata for girls) high schools which were selected methodically. The participants for both the experimental and control groups were chosen randomly. The first experimental group consisted of (30) students, while the second experimental group consisted of (30) students from (Kumata high school for girls). On the other hand, the control group consisted of (21) students from (Shanaz high school for girls). The first experimental group used the blended learning strategy and the second experimental used the flipped leaning strategy, and the control group were using the usual method. The researchers prepared (8) daily plans for each method. The achievement test also included (35) ideas of multiple choiceand true and false questions. The validity of the test was extracted, analysis of variance for the test items and the level of difficulty for the test items, the discriminatory power of the test items, the effectiveness of the wrong alternatives, the duration of the test, and the stability of the test were calculated according to the equation (Kiodor- Richardson-20) of (0.90). After a full course, the experiment was completed. The researchers applied the tool, extracted data, and conducted statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and the Scheffe test. The results indicated that the blended learning strategy was more effective in academic achievement compared to both the flipped learning strategy and the usual method. Additionally, the flipped learning strategy showed greater effectiveness in academic achievement compared to the usual method.

Crisis leadership and its role in organizational immunity

Chiya Dino — 2024-04-28

The research aims to investigate the levels of Crisis Leadership dimensions and Organizational Immunity , to diagnose the role of crisis leadership in organizational immunity in technical universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq by analyzing the impact of crisis leadership dimensions on organizational immunity, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted to diagnose the research variables where conducted in(3) from technical universities and the sample consisted of (234) faculty teaching staff in the universities surveyed who expressed their opinion through the levels of their agreement on questionnaire items, which was the main tool for data collection , The data was analyzed based on a number of statistical tools, including mean, standard deviations, correlation coefficient and regression, the research found that there is a significant correlation between crisis leadership and organizational immunity beside that the organizational immunity in universities is associated with the availability of indicators that crystallize within the dimensions of crisis leadership among administrative leaders in the universities surveyed, The research recommended the need for universities to enhance their organizational immunity by focusing on the dimensions of crisis leadership among leaders, especially taking responsibility and learning from the crisis, as well as proposing future studies in other environments and testing crisis leadership skills and other variables that can affect the enhancement of organizational immunity within the framework of future studies.

Cryptocurrency; the new unleashed financial instrument, should it be regulated

Omar Ibrahim — 2024-05-05

The decentralized anonymous cryptocurrency is a new kind of technology that can be used for many purposes such as transferring money and investing. However, they do not have a legal entity that is in charge monitoring its uses. Its extraordinary rise raises critical questions such as, should we regulate it or ban it? Since its purposes have been converted from an anonymous payment system to a tool that is used in illegal actions and undermining financial standards. This paper seeks CC regulation options. Plus, it attempts to lay out the various risks they pose and benefits they bring with the technology they use (blockchain). The objective is to investigate which approach will be more reasonable for the country’s conditions. The regulators will try to convince CC service providers to obey rules and operate under official standards, while banners restrict the new instrument’s integration with the financial system. The study relied on the descriptive approach to achieve its objectives. The recent literature and publications of the most important related bodies around the world were reviewed. Findings reveal that it is too early for CCs to be considered legal tender. Moreover, both approaches could be adopted according to the country’s conditions. Plus, alternatives may have their say. Some suggestions are made for local agencies and investors.

The role of sustainable tourism development in increasing employment rates

Sarah Sulaiman — 2024-05-10

The study aims to measure the impact of sustainable tourism development on employment rates in several selected tourism countries (Sweden, Switzerland, France, Austria, Italy, Greece, Germany, and Spain) for the period 1995-2021. The goal is to identify the impact and the role of sustainable tourism development on employment in the given countries. The study adopted a quantitative method using an autoregressive model of distributed lags of panel data (Panel_ ARDEL, PMG) to estimate the model parameters for the short and long terms. In the short term, the results showed that there is no statistically significant effect between employment rates and the variables that explain it. However, the estimation results in the long term revealed a positive relationship with a significant impact between the employment rate and foreign direct investment, public spending on education, the industry growth rate, and the growth rate of tourism revenues in the sample countries. In contrast, the variables that had a negative impact were inflation rates, and the population growth rate had a negative but insignificant effect. The study concluded with several proposals, including that tourism development requires focusing on the sustainability of existing tourist facilities instead of increasing the number of tourists. It also suggested that sustainable tourism development is the ideal option for achieving economic and social development.

Keywords: sustainable tourism development, employment, Panel-ARDL, tourism revenue growth rate

The role of kurds in the conflicts and military coups against the mamluk authority

Dilman Ahmad — 2024-05-10

The Mamluk era is regarded as one of the important eras in Islamic history. This is because the Mamluks became the main force in the Islamic world during that time. and that period was marked by numerous revolutions and coups against the ruling power. The Kurds, particularly the Ayyubids, played a great role in governance prior to the Mamluk era. It is known that the role of the Kurds remained similar in the Mamluk era, but to a lesser extent. The Kurds were actively involved in the events of that era, and occasionally, they were the focal point of the events. On several occasions, Kurds were part of the internal conflicts of the Mamluks to seize power from them and restore the power to the Ayyubid rule. The Kurds consistently held a belief that the Mamluks had unjustly robbed the power them and that they should advocate its restoration to its rightful owners.

The role of application “My Account” project as one of the digital transformation mechanisms in achieving financial inclusion in the Kurdistan Regional Government – Iraq

Mazen Ahmed Al-Kawashi — 2024-05-19

The current research aims to identify the role of application “My Account” project as one of the digital transformation mechanisms in achieving financial inclusion in the Kurdistan Regional Government, and shedding light on the mechanisms for application “My Account” project as one of the digital transformation mechanisms and improving it in a way that achieves financial inclusion. As well as researching the importance and necessity of achieving financial inclusion with the aim of getting rid of the problem of the financial crisis in the region, especially the problem of the salaries of regional government employees. The research relied on the field method for collecting data through statistical analysis and using SPSS23 programs for data on 47 questionnaire forms obtained from the research sample, which is represented in four categories: bank managers, administrative managers, accountants, and IT employees in government and private banks in Dohuk Governorate, in order to test the research hypotheses. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: The results that there is a strong impact of application “My Account” project as one of the digital transformation mechanisms in achieving financial inclusion. Accordingly, it can be said that the correct application of “My Account” project will have a positive impact on achieving financial inclusion and thus will be an effective factor in stabilizing the financial situation and resolve the financial crisis. The results also demonstrated that the government financial system in the region is traditional, especially in terms of the financial services provided by the system to employees, and this needs to be developed and transformed into a digital system in response to the global digital environment that achieves financial inclusion. The research presented a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the necessity of application “My Account” project in the correct manner and in proportion to the requirements and needs of the employees and citizens of the regional government and as quickly as possible, with the aim of achieving financial inclusion in general and ending the salary problem in particular. Work should also be done to restore confidence among citizens in the region to persuade them to deal with banks, especially in terms of electronic banking services and transactions, in order to achieve financial inclusion successfully

The cultural life of kurds according to the writers of foreign travelers in the qajar era (1796-1925)

Fakher Youssef — 2024-05-21

The increasing number of foreigners entered Iran, especially the Europeans in the 19^th Century A.D. enabled them to know more about the Iranian society. Moreover, the writers of Foreign travelers who got interested in the social and cultural issues of Iran about which recorded important information. For example, the Kurds, one of the ancient Iranian tribes, attracted many foreign tourists, especially the Europeans, the Americans, and the Japanese to come to Iran in the Qajar Era. The present study aimed at shedding light on the cultural life of Kurds according to the writers of foreign travelers in the Qajar era depending on the works and observations of those travelers when visited the Kurdish regions in Iran. Moreover, such recordings were in the form of stories and traveling. An analytical and descriptive approach was adopted. Data were collected from the books on the foreign traveler in the Qajar era. As a matter of fact, the cultural life of Kurds which discussed by such writers in detail includes ethical characters, language,

Environmental impacts of the generating station of electricity in the baadare district

Zhiyan Khaleel — 2024-05-23

Electrical stations have a significant impact and damage on the environment depending on the method of electricity generation. Typically, the raw materials such as coal, fuel, and crude or black oil are used in the electricity production. However, the critical issue arises from the combustion of these materials in which they produce gases that contain toxic materials such as carbon-monoxide, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, ...etc. Based on this, the Baadre Electrical Station, which relies on black oil to generate electricity, was studied to demonstrate the extent of its impact on the surrounding environment. It became evident that this electrical station negatively affects the surrounding areas through two main types of pollutants; air pollution and noise pollution. It has been demonstrated that the Baadre Electrical Station plays a role in polluting the local environment due to the station's proximity to the residential areas. This proximity leads to environmental damage that directly effects on humans. This damage arises from the gases emitted from the station, large noise, as well as the vibrations in residential areas.

The beginning of prophethood and the stages of Islamic call during the Meccan period in (Kitab Al-Umm) by Al-Shafi'i

Haliz Suliman — 2024-06-23

The history of the prophet's life (peace be upon him) begins with the revelation. Furthermore, historians give importance to the pre-Islamic period, meaning the conditions of people before the Islamic religion. Additionally, Muhammad's choice (peace be upon him) for prophecy. This invitation is divided into two phases in Mecca: the secret invitation phase lasted for three years in the first year of the prophecy, 610 AD. And the stage of declaration of the invitation is also divided into two stages: the stage of the prophet's invitation (peace be upon him) to his close relatives, and the stage of invitation to people in general and the people of Mecca in particular. This stage ended with the migration of Muslims to Medina in the thirteenth year of the prophecy. Imam Al-Shafi'i, may God have mercy on him, in his book Al-Umm, which is the primary focus of this research, conveys to us all this information in the various parts of his book, utilizing verses of the noble Quran and the Hadiths of the Prophet as evidence for his opinions on every topic he posed.

Kurdish Students Diaspora in Germany(1945-1975)

Ali Halo — 2024-06-23

The migration of Kurdish students to Germany between 1945 and 1975 represents a significant phenomenon, marking the emergence of a crucial cultural phase in modern Kurdish history. Following World War II (1939-1945), numerous Kurdish students from affluent and culturally rich backgrounds migrated to Germany for educational purposes. During this period, individuals seeking to enhance their academic and cultural stature were compelled to pursue opportunities in advanced nations like Germany, given the lack of such opportunities in their home countries. Additionally, in the 1950s and 1960s, another wave of Kurdish students migrated to Germany through academic scholarships, while others fled due to challenging political conditions. This research endeavors to address various issues concerning the migration of Kurdish students to Germany from 1945 to 1975. Key inquiries include the motivations behind Kurdish migration to Germany, the quantitative aspect of migration, and the nature of their activities. Through reliance on authentic historical sources, this study aims to provide comprehensive answers to these questions and shed light on this significant aspect of Kurdish migration history.

The status of the kurdistan region-iraq in the strategy of the united states of america: iraq as a case study (2003-2021)

Saood Sultan — 2024-06-24

This study aims to elucidate and analyze the role of the Kurdistan Region – Iraq in the strategy of the United States of America in the Middle East, particularly in Iraq, between 2003 and 2021. To achieve this, the study examines the strategic objectives of the United States towards Iraq since 2003, focusing on the promotion of democracy and the transformation of Iraq from a dictatorship to a democracy, as well as the war on terrorism, especially following the emergence of the Islamic State in Iraq in 2014. Specifically, the study investigates the Kurdistan Region – Iraq's consistent position in the US strategy and its role in achieving US strategic objectives in Iraq. It argues that since 2003, the Kurdistan Region – Iraq has played a crucial role in fulfilling US strategic goals in Iraq, whether in eliminating the dictatorial regime to promote democracy or in combating terrorism, particularly the Islamic State. By analyzing US strategic goals in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region's contribution, this study concludes that although the Kurdistan Region is a non-state actor, it has occupied a significant position in US strategy towards Iraq and the wider region, serving as a pivotal factor in promoting democracy and combating terrorism. However, the sustainability of this position is contingent upon the evolving political, security, and regional dynamics, as well as the ongoing strategic interests of the United States in Iraq and the broader region.

The representation of unconventional physician in alexander pope's memories of martinus scriblerus

Ali Ibrahim — 2024-06-24

This paper examines Alexander Pope's Memoirs of The Extraordinary Life, Works, and Discoveries of Martinus Scriblerus (1741) with a central focus on portraying the main character as an unconventional physician. Alexander Pope recognizes the existence of two distinctive consciousness; he aims to awaken society from what is perceived as false consciousness through the main character’s different consciousness. The author presents the main character as an unconventional physician who explores the traces of the imposed social and cultural norms behind the physical and mental illnesses that are inflicted on the population in the fictional society in the story. The physician attempts to cure these diseases by rectifying the impact of societal norms on the individual, considering them the leading causes that hinder an individual’s true authenticity. The article attempts to employ a Marxist criticism approach, specifically relying on the Surplus Value theory, to investigate the source of false consciousness that inflicted the society. Moreover, the theory serves to underscore the economic dimension of false consciousness, emphasizing that the distortion of true identity is not merely a cultural or ideological phenomenon but is deeply intertwined with the economic relations within society. By embracing the dominant values and failing to recognize their role as the primary producers of surplus value that perpetuates a system that inherently disadvantages them, Pope aims to awaken the population. The article concludes that the main character, advocating for individual liberation from false consciousness, supports the idea that two distinctive types of consciousness exist. Also, it concludes that the main character, as a holder of class consciousness, emerges as a symbolic dissenter and, through his treatments, rejects the dominant culture, perceiving it to be the reason that hinders the individual’s self-realization and authenticity. Also, it concludes that the main character is involved in a conflict with the broader society, leading him to be isolated and feel a lack of belonging due to his different consciousness.

Moral Decadence in Edward Albee`s The Zoo Story

Lawend Mohammed — 2024-06-28

The current study tackles the philosophical concept of moral decadence in the modern American play The Zoo Story by Edward Albee. The research concentrates on how specific characters tend to have low moral standards, and what detrimental and deteriorating effects of their immorality could harm the people around them. The research follows Aristotle`s philosophical concept of morality, what Greeks used to consider to be moral and immoral. Immanuel Kant`s views are also taken into account to measure characters` misconducts as well. As an existential play, the study sheds light on various social and family problems, such as poverty, lack of education, prostitution, hopelessness and bereavement. These appalling circumstances inevitably could have a tremendous effect on the low-class people in the American society of the late 1950s. Most notably, both Jerry and Petter are the embodiment of this society, where each one belongs to a distinct social class. The research exemplifies how such social predicaments could change the direction of each one of the mentioned characters. The main focus is on Jerry as he is the most talkative, absurdist, problematic, confused and suicidal character in the play.

University Students’ Awareness of the Role of Culture in the Language Learning Process

Nian Abdullah — 2024-06-28

To learn English language and communicate in different contexts successfully, English language students need to learn about the culture of English native speakers in spite of mastering the linguistic knowledge of the language. Indeed, culture shapes the language just as it shapes the life of its speakers. However, it is unknown whether students are aware of the role of culture in the language learning process and in case they are aware, it is still not evident how they learn about the culture. To learn about these two aspects, the current study explores undergraduate students’ awareness in this regard. It uses a four-Likert scale questionnaire to elicit answers from 45 EFL junior students in English Department. The results demonstrated that the majority of students are aware of the role of culture on English language learning and they use different methods to learn about the culture. Their awareness can be exploited to make culture part of English language teaching programs at universities.

Constructing Complex Words in the Dictionary of Ghazi

Dilbreen Ali — 2024-06-28

Abstract

Constructing Complex Words in the Dictionary of Ghazi

In linguistics; there are various ways to increase vocabularies in dictionary. One of the ways to increase words is called the complex method. Complex words have not been studied until now in Kurdish language. The study is entitled ``Constructing Complex Words in the Dictionary of Ghazi``. It is a bilingual (Kurdish- Arabic) and (Arabic- Kurdish) dictionary. Throughout this research, the researcher tries to show the constructing complex words that have been used in the Kurdish and Arabic language via certain rules.

The research utilizes the qualitative method; this research is of immense significance because it has not been conducted enough in Kurdish language especially in the Bahdini Kurdish dictionary. The purpose of this study is revealing how the rules of the complex words were composed or constructed in the dictionary. In addition to that, the study concentrates on divulging the rate of the rules used in constructing the complex words. In other words, the researcher will confirm how each rule for the constructed complex words have been put into use, and he will also show the percentage of these words. The newness of the title of the research is the chief research problem. Hence the researcher will attempt to display the complex words and their rules as well as their percentage in his research, therefore; the results will be unfolded accordingly.

Key words: Words, derivation, percentage, Ghazi dictionary, constructing, complex.

The iraqi government operations on the kurdistan areas in june 1963 in the iraqi newspapares

Rojin Muneer — 2024-06-29

‏The research period is regarded as a significant period in the history of the Aylul Revolution.The Iraqi government received assistance from several Arab and regional countries, while Britain and the United States provided weapons to target the Kurdistan region from all directions. At the same time, The Kurdish revolutionaries fought vigorously against these assaults.‏After the coup of February 8, 1963, the Iraqi newspapers played a major role in writing and publishing articles on the Kurdish issue,the views of the Iraqi government and the Kurds on the Kurdish national rights, and the Kurdish efforts to achieve them. The legitimate rights of the Kurdish people in the Iraqi national unity were also prioritized by the Iraqi newspaper engaging to find viable solutions to the Kurdish issue. ‏The newspaper was able to effectively contribute in the explanation of the incident that took place during that period, notably the intense fights that occurred between the Iraqi government and the Kurdish liberation movement.

The role of financial planning in directing public spending with reference to iraq for the period (2004-2021)

Dilshad Khalid — 2024-06-29

The study aims to review the theoretical aspect of both financial planning and public spending and to shed light on the analysis of public spending directives according to the financial plan in Iraq for the period 2004-2021. Additionally, it endeavors to conduct future scenarios for financial planning policy in directing public spending to target non-oil GDP in Iraq until the year (2030). The study used the descriptive approach in the theoretical aspect and the deductive approach in the applied aspect to ascertain the role of financial planning in directing public spending to target the non-oil gross domestic product in Iraq. The study’s most significant findings are the development of the targeted non-oil GDP at growth rates of (5%) and (10%), alongsidewith the current and investment spending. The study revealed that the non-oil output increased in correlation with the growth of investment spending at rates exceeding several times the growth of current spending. The study proposed the formulation of future scenarios to rectify the Iraqi economy through reforming public spending, directing it towards economic sectors that are favourable to growth and economic stability.