Humanities Journal of University of Zakho

ETHNIC TITLES IN THE 5TH – 6TH CENTURIES AH (11TH – 12TH CE) IN THE BOOK SIYAR A’LAM AL- NUBALA (BIOGRAPHIES OF NOBLE FIGURES) BY AL- DAHABI (D. 748AH/ 1347CE).

2025-07-01T11:31:34+03:00

There is no doubt that the period of the (5^th – 6^th AH /11^th – 12^{th AD}) in the history of the Islamic state is considered a period full of important events and changes. In these two centuries, rapid and diverse transformations took place. Civil aspects were not deprived of these changes, the use of titles is an ancient phenomenon present among all peoples, and all of these peoples use titles according to their circumstances, customs, and traditions. After the advent of Islam, a new type of change arose in the use of titles, especially their circumstances, customs, and traditions, especially since this religion gave great importance to all aspects of life and beautiful dealings with each other. Islam also emphasized avoiding the use of bad titles, and the Islamic reigion permits the use of titles that do not lead to disrespect and contempt for people. During the Abbasid era, the use of titles increased for various purposes, among these diverse titles were ethnic titles, which was considered an important title. In general ethnic titles are divided into three main types. These three types of titles will be discussed, with examples of each type into the three types of ethnic titles. The impact of the use of these titles on famous figures will also be shown.

SOME EXAMPLES OF SUN LEGENDS IN THE LIGHT OF TEXTS

2025-06-12T11:13:55+03:00

The literature of the ancient peoples of Kurdistan in the pre-Christian eras was closely intertwined with myths, epics, and stories. As humans at the time were unable to explain natural phenomena scientifically, they resorted to interpreting these occurrences through mythology. A myth typically revolves around an event that took place during an era when deities and their powers played a central role, with the notable absence of any mention of an author or writer. The peoples of Kurdistan in general—and the Hurrians and Mitanni in particular—possessed a rich civilization, history, and culture. They are considered among the most ancient and original civilizations. The history of these peoples is replete with myths and epics, which can serve as valuable sources for future generations to better understand their heritage and avoid repeating past mistakes.

EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF LITERATURE TO TRANSFORM ONE’S LIFE IN ELIF SHAFAK’S THE FORTY RULES OF LOVE

2025-06-04T10:22:18+03:00

The concept of love is more than just emotions, it is a journey of self-discovery, healing and exploring the world through one’s soul. Elif Shafak’s international best-selling novel, The Forty Rules of Love (2009) has been a topic of interest for scholars for its exploration of love and Sufism. This article examines the protagonist’s journey for personal recovery of spiritual love and healing which is connected with the dynamics of her domestic relationship. The novel’s main character’s journey named Ella Rubinstein who is a dedicated mother; after reading the manuscript of Sweet Blasphemy she rethinks her life and her choices which transforms her life. Through the perspectives of Sufism and Bibliotherapy, Shafak demonstrates how the sole acts of reading and understanding the wisdom of mysticism can heal the inner wounds of self, leading to spiritual awakening. Mysticism as a spiritual path that seeks direct union with the divine goes beyond the basic comprehension of the mind solely, it engages the ultimate reality the soul, to understand the inner experience, intuition and transformation. This article explores how literature can serve as a mirror to the real world and be used as a powerful tool for personal growth. Furthermore, it examines the novel from a Sufistic and therapeutic lens, it sheds light on the transformative power of finding love for being and the profound impact of bibliotherapy.

Power and Resistance in Ta-Nehisi Coates’s The Water Dancer and Kawai Strong Washburn’s Sharks in the Time of Saviors.

2025-06-11T11:57:37+03:00

This study attempts to explore power and resistance and their interactions in Ta-Nehisi Coates’s The Water Dancer and Kawai Strong Washburn’s Sharks in the Time of Saviors. It aims to focus on how magical realism defines power dynamics in various prospective and how it serves as an innovative mechanism of resistance. Both Power and resistance are conceptualized as dominant and reversed forces during the act of control. Besides, the power is examined based on Foucault’s theoretical viewpoint which affirms that wherever power is found, there is resistance as well. Coates represents Hiram’s ability of conduction as a supernatural symbolic power deeply-rooted in memory in the novel. Throughout the magical element, the author creates an alternative reality that memory and trauma used as a source for equality and liberation. Similarly, Washburn utilizes Nainoa’s miraculous ability of healing as a reversed power in a nature of resistance against existed systematic forces in the text. Nainoa’s supernatural ability is deeply linked to Hawaiian mythology in which it serves as a metaphorical force for recovering cultural identity and opposing systemic forces that marginalize indigenous Hawaiians. Finally, this study concludes that both novels merge realism with magical realism to challenge outdated power structures. The authors portray power through oppressive systems, by the magical elements, both offer alternative pathways toward fairness and self-liberation. It emphasizes on inseparableness of power and resistance, besides, it highlights that magical realism provides a powerful mechanism to reimagine reality in contemporary literature.

AN ANALYTICAL GRAMMATICAL STUDY OF THE INDECLINABLE POEMS: THE SCIENTIFIC CAUSE IN THE DIWAN OF AHMED SHAWQI- PART ONE AS MODEL

2025-06-17T11:11:10+03:00

After grammar the second level of language in terms of linguistic study. The importance of this study comes from the fact that it relates to the study of Quranic grammar. Which is considered the most eloquent. Highest and most sublime text ever .After it in eloquence and sublimity comes Arabic poetry. Which we have made a model for our study and we devoted a part of it to the collection of poems of one of the greatest poets of the Arab world in various eras. Namely the poet “Ahmed Shawqi”. Who was pledged allegiance to by the writers and poets of his time as the Emir of poetry so he was nicknamed (the Emir of poets). He had a unique poetic talent and a flowing spring finding no difficulty in composing poetry .And his poetic production reached what almost no ancient or modern Arab poet reached. So he was the reason for our choosing his collection to be a model for the study. The study was limited to the first part of his collection of poems of “Ahmed Shawqi” due to its breadth and the abundance of nouns that are prohibited from being declined in it . And due to the large number of reasons being prohibited from being declined. Which amount to nine reasons. I dealt only with the scientific reason for being prohibited from being declined. Which in turn is divided into six reasons. Which are: Knowledge with foreignness knowledge with feminine. Knowledge with the increase of alif and nun. Knowledge with the weight of the verb. Knowledge with justice. And knowledge with mixed composition. We explained these reason. Which are divided in to sections. And we touched on the opinions of some grammarians on them and on their head is “Sibawayh”. We defined the methodology followed in the study. Which is the inductive method by tracing the linquistic phenomenon in the first part of the diwan of “Ahmed Shawqi” . We also used an analytical method by analyzing the indeclinable words according to the six schools of thought associated with the scientific method. We concluded the research with a conclusion in which we explained the most important results we reached through induction in the poems of.

AD THE ROLE OF RELIGIOUS KURDISH SCHOLARS IN THE RELIGIOUS SCIENCES IN THE KITAB AL-MUNTAZAM BY IBN AL-JAWZI (597AH / 1201 AD)

2025-04-14T10:07:21+03:00

The Kurds had an important role in building the Islamic civilization through their participation in various religious sciences such as the sciences of the Qur’an, the sciences of hadith, jurisprudence, Sufism, and other sciences. Reliable historical sources were relied upon, in addition to the book “Al-Muntazam” by Ibn al-Jawzi (597 AH-1201 AD), which is considered the main source for this study. Other sources include the book “Tarikh Baghdad” by Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (467 AH), “Tarikh Islam al-Dhahabi” (748 AH), and “Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah” by Ibn Kathir (774 AH), in addition to other sources and some references. To study the subject in a precise scientific and rigorous manner, it has been divided into thematic axis, which are: the theme on the sciences of the Holy Qur’an, the theme of the Noble Prophetic Hadith, the theme on the jurisprudence, and a theme on other sciences such as Sufis.

ISLAMIC VALUE-BASED COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY AND EDUCATION AS A FRAMEWORK FOR CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT

2025-07-30T10:53:27+03:00

Rural waste management presents multifaceted challenges, particularly where cultural and religious values strongly shape environmental practices. This study examines the integration of Islamic ethical principles within a community-driven waste management framework to strengthen environmental stewardship, foster sustained community engagement, and generate socio-economic benefits. Using a qualitative case study methodology, research was conducted at an Integrated Waste Management and Recycling Center (IWMRC) in a rural Indonesian village. Before the establishment of the IWMRC, local waste practices relied heavily on unregulated dumping and open burning, resulting in substantial environmental and public health risks. Since the center’s operation in 2019–2024, the IWMRC has managed approximately 60 tons of waste annually, produced 20 tons of compost, and generated Rp 9,600,000 (USD 600) per year in revenue through waste bank activities, with active participation from about 280 local households and vendors (representing approximately 56% of the community). Thematic analysis reveals that Islamic values such as Khilafah (stewardship), Taharah (cleanliness), Amanah (trustworthiness), and Shura (consultative governance) are systematically embedded in technical operations and community education, guiding waste segregation, composting, and public learning. Circular economy principles, realized through waste bank programs, offer economic incentives that empower residents and improve livelihoods. Governance structures founded on justice (Adl), public welfare (Maslahah), and inclusive consultation support institutional resilience and sustainability. While early results are promising, this study acknowledges the limited follow-up period and recommends continued monitoring to assess long-term outcomes. These findings offer valuable insights for culturally attuned and sustainable waste management in Muslim-majority rural contexts.

MAJOR AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS AND THEIR COVERAGE OF THE 1991 IRAQI KURDISTAN UPRISING: A STUDY OF EVENTS AND OFFICIAL POSITIONS

2025-06-04T10:33:38+03:00

The March 1991 revolt in Iraqi Kurdistan marked a watershed moment in the Kurdish people's battle for national rights. The rebellion began in the aftermath of the Second Gulf War, taking advantage of the Iraqi army's vulnerability following its defeat and popular anger with Saddam Hussein's regime, coinciding with an uprising in southern Iraq. The revolt was marked by widespread participation from diverse elements of the Kurdish people, who gained control of the majority of Kurdish cities and territories, demanding the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's dictatorship and the establishment of Kurdish autonomy. Major American publications provided significant coverage of the March rebellion, which focused on reporting events in Kurdistan and Iraq. These newspapers sought to present a realistic picture of what was happening on the ground, shedding light on the political positions of the US government and Kurdish leaders. This media coverage provided an important account of the developments of the uprising and its international repercussions, highlighting the important role of journalism in documenting historical events.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACADEMIC ADJUSTMENT AND SELF-COMPASSION AMONG KOYA UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

2025-06-10T12:19:05+03:00

This study aims to find out the level of academic adjustment, self-compassion as well as reveal the level of each of these variables according to demographic variables (gender, accommodation). Also, it aims to find out the relationship between academic adjustment and self-compassion among students at Koya University. The research population consisted of (3585). The sample was (350) students randomly selected at Koya University. Two scales were employed in this study; one scale is the adapted academic adjustment scale by Anderson et al (2016), and self-compassion scale which is adapted from Neff (2003). The validity and reliability of the instruments were at a convinced level. The results showed that the students have a bad level of academic adjustment and a high level of self-compassion; there is no statistically significant difference in their level of academic adjustment and self-compassion according to the variables (gender and place of residence). The results also showed a statistically significant positive relationship between academic adjustment and self-compassion. Furthermore, the result indicated that academic adjustment was predicted based on self-compassion. Finally, the study presented some suggestions and recommendations.

THE MOSQUE OF PROPHET YUNUS (PEACE BE UPON HIM) IN THE WAQF REGISTER OF THE MOSUL PROVINCE DURING THE LATE OTTOMAN PERIOD

2024-12-18T09:38:02+03:00

The Mosque of Prophet Yunus (PBUH) is considered one of the most historically significant mosques in the Islamic world in general, and in Iraq in particular. It has received considerable attention from Muslims at large as well as from rulers, including caliphs, kings, and presidents across various historical periods. Beyond its religious significance, it is renowned as one of Iraq’s archaeological and historical landmarks, believed by the public to contain the tomb of Prophet Yunus (PBUH). This study explores the history of this mosque as a prominent center for religious, administrative, scientific, and public service activities. It particularly focuses on the key functions it performed during the final phase of the Ottoman era—specifically in the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century—based on information recorded in the Ottoman Endowment Register of Mosul.