Humanities Journal of University of Zakho

THE UPRISING OF THE GULAN REVOLUTION IN BAHDINAN AND ITS OUTCOMES (1976–1978)

2025-02-02T11:38:51+03:00

The Gulan Revolution uprising in Bahdinan is considered a significant event in Kurdish national history. After the collapse of the Aylol Revolution, the PDK made efforts on various levels to establish a temporary headquarters in the Bahdinan area in preparation for a new uprising. One of their first steps was to reorganize in villages and towns. They, then, set up a temporary headquarters, and during the establishment of their groups, they launched the revolution, initiating attacks in Sindi, Guli, northern Barwari, and Nerway. These attacks targeted Iraqi government military stations. Since Turkey adopted a policy of indifference, the revolution's focal point was Bahdinan. This research addresses several key questions: How did the PDK’s temporary headquarters help people recover from the fallout of the Aylol Revolution? Under these circumstances, how were they able to reorganize? How did they manage to re-establish their checkpoints? What steps did the PDK take to trigger the revolution? What strategies were used to secure its establishment? What was the Iraqi government’s response to the PDK’s groups? How did the Ba'ath government oppose the revolution and the Kurds?

EMOTIONAL ATTRACTION IN ELECTION CAMPAIGN ADVERTISING

2025-03-25T11:10:38+03:00

Emotion is a state of feeling versus perception that arises from all five senses. Emotion and reason are two basic pillars of human thought that have an influential role in behavior. Emotion is more effective and takes less time to persuade and change direction and attitudes, so it is used as an important factor in election campaign advertisements. Election advertising has great importance in politics, especially during elections, where parties and candidates try to influence the public and win their votes by advertising themselves through mass communication channels. Such as television, radio, internet, newspapers, magazines, posters, etc. In the context of the sixth round of the Kurdistan Regional Government parliamentary elections, emotional appeal was strategically employed in candidates’ and party lists’ advertisements to garner public support. The primary objective of electoral advertising is to align with public interests, with the overarching aim of influencing voter behavior and encouraging participation in the electoral process.

DEVIATION AND PARALLELISM IN LONGFELLOW’S THE RAINY DAY: A STYLISTIC STUDY

2025-04-03T12:44:33+03:00

The present paper is an attempt to analyze Longfellow’s ‘The Rainy Day’ (1842) from the perspective of parallelism and deviation which are two stylistic tools utilized to unravel the intention behind any given literary work. These stylistic devices are said to have been utilized by writers as strategies to establish a hierarchy of meanings and themes in the text, bringing some to the fore, shifting others to the background, or repeating some structural features here and there. The procedure adopted is analyzing the poem under study, which consists of three stanzas, in the light of the above mentioned stylistic devices, highlighting their role in revealing the poet’s intention behind this literary work. The paper has come out with certain conclusions, such as that the poet utilizes parallelism to convey the cyclic repetition of natural and social events which often cause boredom and monotony; internal deviation is utilized by the writer to result in a contrast between an idea expressed in the first two stanzas, and another stated in the third. The paper rounds off with a list of the references from which inspirations have been taken.

A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL MOVES IN WRITING REQUEST EMAILS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

2025-03-25T10:54:57+03:00

This study investigates the linguistic analysis of rhetorical moves of request strategies in writing emails among Kurdish university students engaged in an academic setting at Soran University. That is, how Kurdish university students structure and phrase request emails in English, focusing on the rhetorical moves they use to make their requests polite, clear, and persuasive. In fact, little is known about the specific challenges Kurdish university students face. By analyzing these students' rhetorical patterns, the study aims to improve our understanding of their communication needs and support more effective instruction for writing request emails in academic settings. This study adopts Swales' (1990) theory to analyze the data qualitatively and explore the rhetorical moves of request emails from a linguistic framework. For this purpose, fourteen emails were found in the researchers’ workplace emails. For the sake of data analysis, the researchers used a genre-based approach. All the email senders were Kurdish university learners of English as a foreign language. The findings revealed that though students tend to employ rhetorical moves, when communicating in English as a second language—especially when making requests via email. The current study also adds to the existing literature in the field of pure linguistics, offering insights into linguistic awareness that can be found in other scholarly works. It also highlights that Kurdish university students can easily communicate digitally in this technological era as academics once they acquire English language as a second language.

PATRIOTIC THEATER: A STUDY OF GHARBI MUSTAFA’S LEYLA, THE KURDISH BRIDE & W.B. YEATS’ CATHLEEN NI HOULIHAN

2025-03-25T12:04:31+03:00

The present study is an attempt to examine the representation of patriotism and nationalism in Irish and Kurdish plays. Specifically, the researcher deals with two dramas one penned by the Kurdish playwright Gharbi Mustafa, and the other by the Irish dramatist William Butler Yeats. Their stage plays, Mustafa’s Leyla, The Kurdish Bride (2010), and Yeats’ Cathleen Ni Houlihan (1902), have been taken into account in order to analyze how the two aforesaid plays are patriotic in nature. For the purpose of achieving the aim of the study, i.e., investigating expressions of national pride and belonging, a careful attention is given to specific symbols, motifs, characterizations, and narratives present in the opted scripts. The analysis of the study signifies that Yeats makes use of an Irish myth-derived figure, namely Cathleen who, in reality, is an incarnation of Ireland, to depict national identity and political conflicts. Meanwhile, Mustafa fictionalizes the true events of a Kurdish martyr, Leyla Qasim, to enlighten the Kurdish case and how the Kurds have been deprived of their privileges for ages. The two dramatic works thematize persecution, foreign oppression, a longing for freedom among other related themes. The paper comes to the conclusion that although these two plays are written over a century apart, yet in tandem they shed light on political oppression, a wish to be free, and national belonging.

FATHER-SON RELATIONSHIP IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER AND CORMAC MCCARTHY’S THE ROAD

2025-03-27T11:49:49+03:00

The current paper deals with father-son relationship in the East represented by Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner and in the West which is demonstrated by Cormac McCarthy’s The Road. This study analyzes the characters and explores their relationships with reference to psychological theory of attachment by the renowned British psychiatrist John Bowlby (1907-1990). The two novels reflect biographical accounts of the two authors especially that of Hosseini and his life in Afghanistan and the fatherly figure type he has had like Amir and the majority of the Eastern fathers. Furthermore, it argues that the father and son relationship illustrated by Baba and Amir in The Kite Runner is cold and distant. In contrast, father - son relationship in The Road is an affectionate and loving relationship. This strong bond between the nameless father and son is meant to represent all fathers and the sons especially those in the West since the novel is written about America. The study concludes that all good fathers love their sons whether in the East or West. However, while the father and son relationship in the West in The Road is demonstrated through the father showing his love and taking care of his son. Baba and Amir’s relationship looks distant and cold with a lack of communication on the surface. Nevertheless, the Eastern fathers represented by Baba do love their sons and the sons likewise in hard situations they are willing to work hard and go beyond their abilities to provide for their sons and afford a good education for them.

THE ACTION PLAN OF THE RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE PHENOMENON OF REVENGE

2025-03-25T11:59:26+03:00

This research examines the content of the action plan of the Rightly Guided Caliphs from the beginning of their caliphates. The caliphs articulated aspects of these plans in their inaugural speeches, highlighting their influence on social customs and traditions and their role in curbing the phenomenon of revenge. Through analyzing these speeches, the research attempts to reveal the extent to which the caliphs adhered to and implemented these principles in their daily lives and in managing state affairs. The study also sheds light on the principles of justice, equality, and forgiveness emphasized by the caliphs in their practical practices, and how these principles contributed to fostering societal unity and progress while reducing disputes and conflicts through the application of Islamic law. Additionally, the research discusses the direct impact of the caliphs' speeches on transforming the concept of revenge. This transformation shifted it from an individual and tribal characteristic to a concept governed within the framework of the state and its laws, under the jurisdiction of the legitimate ruler to achieve social justice. In this way, the four Rightly Guided Caliphs implemented policies of forgiveness, tolerance, and justice to establish a unified and stable society.

RESILIENT WOMEN TO OVERCOME ADVERSITIES IN BETTY SMITH’S A TREE GROWS IN BROOKLYN

2025-04-27T10:23:22+03:00

The current article explores vital thematic elements in Betty Smith’s novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1943). The analysis concentrates on the protagonist of the novel who is an eleven-year-old Francie Nolan along with other key female members of her big family; mother, aunts and grandmother. These female characters distinctly reveal sturdy personalities and inner strength as they grapple with financial hardships, limited opportunities, and social difficulties. In the current article, the discussion thoroughly inspects three key aspects in this novel. The first is the sturdy spirit of resilience among the female family members of the protagonist, Francie. Second, the utilization of the varied skills of being resourceful and innovative in managing the daily needs of life for the poor families, Francie’s family being one among those. Third, the firm ties of solidarity among the female members of Francie’s family, the grandmother and the aunts, and among the women of the neighbourhood in order to withstand the diverse challenges. In the current article, the analysis places special focus on the personality of the young protagonist Francie in her relentless efforts to prevail over her adverse circumstances through sharpening her resilient spirit, bolstering her skills of resourcefulness and enhancing ties of solidarity.

THE EFFECT OF COMPETENCE AND PUBLICATION QUALITY ON LECTURER PERFORMANCE WITHIN THE PEMALANG ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS INSTITUTE, CENTRAL JAVA

2025-06-03T10:55:16+03:00

Lecturer performance in the Tri Dharma is shaped by competencies, motivation, publications, facilities, and ethics, while research and community service still face significant challenges requiring continuous quality enhancement. This study aims to determine the influence of competence and publication quality, both partially and simultaneously, on the performance of lecturers at the Islamic Religious Institute of Pemalang in Central Java. The research method is quantitative through a correlational approach. Data was collected using a questionnaire (Likert scale), with data processing through validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, t-tests, and F-tests. The research shows that lecturer competence (t=0.797, sig.=0.430) and publication quality (t=1.405, sig.=0.167) do not significantly affect performance. Their R Square values (0.079 and 0.107) indicate minimal contributions. The simultaneous F-test (2.871, sig.=0.068) also confirms no significant combined effect, with a total R Square of only 0.057. This means 94.3% of lecturer performance is influenced by other factors beyond those examined in this model. To conclude, lecturer competence and publication quality do not significantly affect performance, with a small contribution, and are influenced by other external factors.

THE TRIBAL PROBLEM BETWEEN IRAQ AND IRAN (1925–1960)

2025-04-27T10:52:09+03:00

The Jaf tribe is considered one of the most influential and historically significant Kurdish tribes. Branches of this tribe live across both Iraqi and Iranian territories. This study, titled "The Tribal Problem between Iraq and Iran (1925–1960): A Documentary Study – Jaf Tribe as a Sample", focuses specifically on the Iraqi Kurdish branches of the Jaf tribe residing within the borders of Kurdistan, Iraq. Since many members of the Iraqi Jaf tribe worked as pastoralists and livestock herders, they frequently crossed into Iranian Kurdistan in search of pastures and grazing lands for their animals. This recurrent movement often led to disputes and tensions with Iranian authorities and local Kurdish leaders in Iranian Kurdistan. During the Pahlavi era, the Iranian government responded to these incursions by either attempting to expel them or imposing grazing and pasture taxes on them when they entered Iranian territory. The issue is well-documented in Persian archival records from both the First and Second Pahlavi periods. This study examines the Iranian government’s response to the cross-border movement of the Iraqi Jaf tribe, particularly in Kurdish regions of Iran, using and analyzing unpublished Persian archival documents. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method and relies on both library-based sources and documentary evidence.