The effect of applying picture exchange communication system on autistic bahdini children’s verbal speech
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2022.10.4.947Abstract
The present study aimed to study the effect of the picture exchange communication system on autistic Bahdini children’s verbal speech through a pre-experimental research design. Children with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty in communicating with the people around them. Moreover, autistic children need a special care and attention to be able to communicate and share their feelings and needs with the normal people around them. To conduct the current study, a sample of ten autistic children from Zakho Autism Centre was chosen with the age varying from 3 to 11 years old. Data were collected from the sample adopted via a pre and post-tests. The, data were analyzed in terms of means via the Software SPSS through paired samples-t test. The study also analyzed the verbal speech difficulties encountered by such children. The results arrived at in this study showed that the program had a positive effect on the autistic children’s verbal speech. Based on that, the scores obtained on the post-test showed a statistically significant difference compared to the pre-test scores. In other words, the program helped the children make a progress in their verbal speech. Moreover, this study can help the trainers and teachers at Autism Centers to adopt such a program in their teaching and training with some modifications to fit the context of such centers.
References
References
Al-Zureikat, 2004. Autism: Traits and Treatment. Amman, Jordan: Wall House for Printing.
American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders.(4thedition),Washington.DC:APA.https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/ajp.152.8.1228
Ayyash, k. ,2018. The effectiveness of a behavioral training program based on the image exchange system (PECS) to develop communication skills for autistic children in Nablus/Palestine.
Basari, A., 2008. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN. LITE: Jurnal Bahasa,Sastra,danBudaya, 4(1),pp.1-7..https://publikasi.dinus.ac.id/index.php/lite/article/view/443
Bishop, D.V. and Norbury, C.F., 2005. Executive functions in children with communication impairments, in relation to autistic symptomatology: I: Generativity. Autism, 9(1), pp.7-27.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15618261/
Bondy, A.S. and Frost, L.A., 1998. The picture exchange communication system. In Seminars in speech and language (Vol. 19, No. 04, pp. 373-389). © 1998 by Thieme Medical Publishers,Inc..https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11775627_The_Picture_Communication_System
Boucher, T., Jennings, E. and Fitzgerald, M., 1998. The onset of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in postnatal rat pups: a C-Fos study. Neuroscience letters, 257(1), pp.9-12
Charlop‐Christy, M.H., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L.A. and Kellet, K., 2002. Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: Assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social‐communicative behavior, and problem behavior. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 35(3), pp.213-231.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1284381/
Delhom, J ,2007. The effectiveness of using the image exchange communication system in developing communication skills for autistic children. Unpublished PhD thesis, Amman University,ALArabiya,AmmanJorden.https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=sped_etds&httpsredir=1&referer.
Dewi, D.M., 2014. Identifikasi Kemampuan Berbahasa Anak Autis di Sekolah Inklusif SD Negeri Giwangan, Yogyakarta. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta: Unpublished Thesis [Indonesian].
Frost, L., & Bondy, A. 2009. The picture exchange communication system training manual. Pyramid Educational Products.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1088357609332743
Ganz, J.B. and Simpson, R.L., 2004. Effects on communicative requesting and speech development of the picture exchange communication system in children with characteristics of autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 34(4), pp.395-409. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1901/jaba.2002.35-213
Gillberg, C.,1992. The autistic dimension Lancet Magazine, l.337(.8751), pp1192-1194. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1673742/
Hen Schwartz, I. S., Garfinkle, A. N., and Bauer, J. 2000. The Picture Exchange Communication System: Communicative outcome for young children with Disabilities, Journal of Disability, Developmental and Education, .51(3), 5262. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ573609
Howlin, P., Gordon, R.K., Pasco, G., Wade, A. and Charman, T., 2007. The effectiveness of Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) training for teachers of children with autism: a pragmatic, group randomised controlled trial. Journal of child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(5), pp.473-481.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17501728/
Indah, R.N., 2008. Psikolinguistik: Konsep & Isu Umum Press, Malang.
Kasanen, M., 2020. Software development for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities in 2010–2019: a systematic mapping study. https://scholar.google.co.id/citations?user=Q--u9p4AAAAJ&hl=en
Koegel, R.L. and Koegel, L.K., 1990. Extended reductions in stereotypic behavior of students with autism through a self‐management treatment package. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23(1), pp.119-127.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1286216/
Lovaas, O. I., 2000. Behavioral treatment and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 3-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3571656/
Naber, F., Swinkels, S.H., Buitelaar, J.K., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Van IJzendoorn, M.H., Dietz, C., Van Daalen, E. and Van Engeland, H., 2007. Attachment in toddlers with autism and other developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(6), pp.1123-1138. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2335292/
Orabi, J., Backes, G., Wolday, A., Yahyaoui, A. and Jahoor, A., 2007. The Horn of Africa as a centre of barley diversification and a potential domestication site. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 114(6), pp.1117-1127.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17279366/
Ornitz, E.M. and Pynoos, R.S., 1989. Startle modulation in children with posttraumatic stress disorder. The American journal of psychiatry. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-36672-001
Preston, D. and Carter, M., 2009. A review of the efficacy of the picture exchange communication system intervention. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 39(10), pp.1471-1486. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19495952/
Prizant, B.M., Wetherby, A.M., Rubin, E. and Laurent, A.C., 2003. The SCERTS model: A transactional, family-centered approach to enhancing communication and socioemotional abilities of children with autism spectrum disorder. Infants & Young Children, 16(4), pp.296-316. https://depts.washington.edu/isei/iyc/prizant_16_4.pdf
Rutter, M., 2005. Autism research: lessons from the past and prospects for the future. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 35(2), pp.241-257. https://link.springer.com/journal/10803/volumes-and-issues/35-2?page=1
Rutter, M., Graham, P., Chadwick, O.F. and Yule, W., 1976. Adolescent turmoil: fact or fiction? Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 17(1), pp.35-56. https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00372.x
Sleeper, A.A., 2006. Speech and language. Infobase Publishing.
Steinberg, D., Nagata, H. and Aline, D., 2013. Psycholinguistics: Language, mind and world. Routledge.Longmanhttps://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9781315846330&type=googlepdf
Steinberg, D., Nagata, H. and Aline, D., 2013. Psycholinguistics: Language, mind and world. Routledge.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B., Hoffman, A.O., Horton, C.B., Bondy, A. and Frost, L., 2009. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) what do the data say?. Focus on autism and other developmental disabilities, 24(2), pp.89-103. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-07635-003
Tien, K.C., 2008. Effectiveness of the Picture Exchange Communication System as a functional communication intervention for individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A practice-based research synthesis. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, pp.61-76. . https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effectiveness-of-the-Picture-Exchange-Communication-Tien/82e825359bc8a78cd25917574126603be92c2760
White, J., 2007. Dissociating the lesion sites that cause difference types of speech production difficulties (Doctoral dissertation, University of London, University College London (United Kingdom)). https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444515/1/U591821%20Redacted.PDF
Al-Zureikat, 2004. Autism: Traits and Treatment. Amman, Jordan: Wall House for Printing.
American Psychiatric Association (APA), 1994, 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders.(4thedition),Washington.DC:APA.https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/ajp.152.8.1228
Ayyash, k. ,2018. The effectiveness of a behavioral training program based on the image exchange system (PECS) to develop communication skills for autistic children in Nablus/Palestine.
Basari, A., 2008. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN. LITE: Jurnal Bahasa,Sastra,danBudaya, 4(1),pp.1-7..https://publikasi.dinus.ac.id/index.php/lite/article/view/443
Bishop, D.V. and Norbury, C.F., 2005. Executive functions in children with communication impairments, in relation to autistic symptomatology: I: Generativity. Autism, 9(1), pp.7-27.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15618261/
Bondy, A.S. and Frost, L.A., 1998. The picture exchange communication system. In Seminars in speech and language (Vol. 19, No. 04, pp. 373-389). © 1998 by Thieme Medical Publishers,Inc..https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11775627_The_Picture_Communication_System
Boucher, T., Jennings, E. and Fitzgerald, M., 1998. The onset of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in postnatal rat pups: a C-Fos study. Neuroscience letters, 257(1), pp.9-12
Charlop‐Christy, M.H., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L.A. and Kellet, K., 2002. Using the picture exchange communication system (PECS) with children with autism: Assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social‐communicative behavior, and problem behavior. Journal of applied behavior analysis, 35(3), pp.213-231.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1284381/
Delhom, J ,2007. The effectiveness of using the image exchange communication system in developing communication skills for autistic children. Unpublished PhD thesis, Amman University,ALArabiya,AmmanJorden.https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=sped_etds&httpsredir=1&referer.
Dewi, D.M., 2014. Identifikasi Kemampuan Berbahasa Anak Autis di Sekolah Inklusif SD Negeri Giwangan, Yogyakarta. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta: Unpublished Thesis [Indonesian].
Frost, L., & Bondy, A. 2009. The picture exchange communication system training manual. Pyramid Educational Products.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1088357609332743
Ganz, J.B. and Simpson, R.L., 2004. Effects on communicative requesting and speech development of the picture exchange communication system in children with characteristics of autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 34(4), pp.395-409. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1901/jaba.2002.35-213
Gillberg, C.,1992. The autistic dimension Lancet Magazine, l.337(.8751), pp1192-1194. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1673742/
Hen Schwartz, I. S., Garfinkle, A. N., and Bauer, J. 2000. The Picture Exchange Communication System: Communicative outcome for young children with Disabilities, Journal of Disability, Developmental and Education, .51(3), 5262. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ573609
Howlin, P., Gordon, R.K., Pasco, G., Wade, A. and Charman, T., 2007. The effectiveness of Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) training for teachers of children with autism: a pragmatic, group randomised controlled trial. Journal of child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(5), pp.473-481.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17501728/
Indah, R.N., 2008. Psikolinguistik: Konsep & Isu Umum Press, Malang.
Kasanen, M., 2020. Software development for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities in 2010–2019: a systematic mapping study. https://scholar.google.co.id/citations?user=Q--u9p4AAAAJ&hl=en
Koegel, R.L. and Koegel, L.K., 1990. Extended reductions in stereotypic behavior of students with autism through a self‐management treatment package. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23(1), pp.119-127.. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1286216/
Lovaas, O. I., 2000. Behavioral treatment and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 3-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3571656/
Naber, F., Swinkels, S.H., Buitelaar, J.K., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., Van IJzendoorn, M.H., Dietz, C., Van Daalen, E. and Van Engeland, H., 2007. Attachment in toddlers with autism and other developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(6), pp.1123-1138. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2335292/
Orabi, J., Backes, G., Wolday, A., Yahyaoui, A. and Jahoor, A., 2007. The Horn of Africa as a centre of barley diversification and a potential domestication site. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 114(6), pp.1117-1127.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17279366/
Ornitz, E.M. and Pynoos, R.S., 1989. Startle modulation in children with posttraumatic stress disorder. The American journal of psychiatry. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-36672-001
Preston, D. and Carter, M., 2009. A review of the efficacy of the picture exchange communication system intervention. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 39(10), pp.1471-1486. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19495952/
Prizant, B.M., Wetherby, A.M., Rubin, E. and Laurent, A.C., 2003. The SCERTS model: A transactional, family-centered approach to enhancing communication and socioemotional abilities of children with autism spectrum disorder. Infants & Young Children, 16(4), pp.296-316. https://depts.washington.edu/isei/iyc/prizant_16_4.pdf
Rutter, M., 2005. Autism research: lessons from the past and prospects for the future. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 35(2), pp.241-257. https://link.springer.com/journal/10803/volumes-and-issues/35-2?page=1
Rutter, M., Graham, P., Chadwick, O.F. and Yule, W., 1976. Adolescent turmoil: fact or fiction? Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 17(1), pp.35-56. https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00372.x
Sleeper, A.A., 2006. Speech and language. Infobase Publishing.
Steinberg, D., Nagata, H. and Aline, D., 2013. Psycholinguistics: Language, mind and world. Routledge.Longmanhttps://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9781315846330&type=googlepdf
Steinberg, D., Nagata, H. and Aline, D., 2013. Psycholinguistics: Language, mind and world. Routledge.
Sulzer-Azaroff, B., Hoffman, A.O., Horton, C.B., Bondy, A. and Frost, L., 2009. The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) what do the data say?. Focus on autism and other developmental disabilities, 24(2), pp.89-103. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-07635-003
Tien, K.C., 2008. Effectiveness of the Picture Exchange Communication System as a functional communication intervention for individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A practice-based research synthesis. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, pp.61-76. . https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effectiveness-of-the-Picture-Exchange-Communication-Tien/82e825359bc8a78cd25917574126603be92c2760
White, J., 2007. Dissociating the lesion sites that cause difference types of speech production difficulties (Doctoral dissertation, University of London, University College London (United Kingdom)). https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444515/1/U591821%20Redacted.PDF
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2022-12-30
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Omer , Y., & Malo, S. (2022). The effect of applying picture exchange communication system on autistic bahdini children’s verbal speech . Humanities Journal of University of Zakho, 10(4), 1181–1192. https://doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2022.10.4.947
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