A reading of the historical contexts of the American-Spanish War in 1898
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2020.8.1.580Keywords:
Modern history, history of the United States, the Spanish Empire, colonial powers, imperialist conflictAbstract
According to some considerable researches about American – Spanish War, it appears that historians studied the war of 1898 in different four contexts, or we could express it as analysis level of readings; International, regional, Economical and national. Accordingly, to understand the American foreign relations needs an investigation of all four portions and of their interrelationships. it was evident thatthe emergence of the great powers in the late of nineteenth century besides the political and economic conflict in the world have plied a great role in American – Spanish War in 1898. In other words, the long conflict between Cuban and Spanish from 1895 to 1898 causedan instability in the area as well as deepening economic and political issues and U.S concerns about the future of Cuba and the Caribbean region. These reasons enforced the United States to provoke a war against Spain with a view to defend its political and economic interests in the region by taking sovereignty from the dying empire, before any other European country could do so.Based on the foregoing, this study aims to discuss the analytical contexts of the 1898 war, and will focus on the exceptional American nationalist idea that was closely related to US foreign policy. The paper will argue that the United States made the decision to wage war against Spain in 1898 to protect its interests rather than want to end the Cuban tragedy and support the Cubans for their rights.
References
أولاً: الوثائق
1. Richard Olney to Thomas F. Bayard, July 20, 1895, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, with the Annual Message of the Presi-dent, Transmitted to Congress, De-cember 2, 1895 (Washington: Gov-ernment Printing Office, 1895).
2. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Re-lations of the United States, 1898 (Washington, D.C.: Government Print-ing Office, 1899), 757. Statement of 11 April.
3. William McKinley, Speeches and Ad-dresses of William McKinley from March 1, 1897 to May 30, 1900 (Dou-bleday and McClure, New York, 1900).
4. Joseph Wheeler, in ‘Proctor Report, 7 March 1898’, Congressional Record, 55th Congress, 2nd Session (Govern-ment Printing, Washington, 1898).
ثانياً: المصادر والمراجع
1. Aaron L. Friedberg, The weary titan: Britain and the experience of relative decline, 1895-1905 (New Jersey: 1988).
2. Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A His-tory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992).
3. Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano (eds), The Colonial Crucible Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009).
4. Anatol Liven, America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Na-tionalism (Oxford University Press, New York, 2004).
5. Arnaldo Testi, “The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity,” Journal of American History 81 (March 1995).
6. Azar Gat, Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism (Cambridge Universi-ty Press, Cambridge, 2013).
7. Bart Bonikowski, Research on Ameri-can Nationalism: Review of the Litera-ture, Annotated Bibliography, and Di-rectory of Publicly Available Data Sets (Princeton University, Princeton, 2008).
8. Benjamin R. Beede, The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898-1934: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland 1994).
9. Bradford Perkins, The Cambridge His-tory of American Foreign Relations: Volume 1, The Creation of a Republi-can Empire, 1776-1865. Vol. 1. (Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
10. Brands W. H, ‘The Idea of the Na-tional Interest’, in Hogan, J. Michael (ed.), The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the ‘’American Century’’ (UK, 1999).
11. Brian J. Glenn, ‘The Two Schools of American Political Development’, Po-litical Studies Review, 2004, vol. 2.
12. Brian Klunk, Consensus and the Amer-ican Mission (University Press of America, Lanham, 1986).
13. Crapol and Schonberger, ‘The Shift to Global Expansion, 1865-1900’, in Wil-liam A. Williams, From Colony to Em-pire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York: Wiley, 1972).
14. Greenville John, “Diplomacy and War Plans in the United States, 1890–1917,” Transactions of the Royal His-torical Society, 5th Series, Vol.11, (1961).
15. Daniel Bell, ‘The 'Hegelian Secret': Civil Society and American Excep-tionalism’ in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Is America Different? A New Look at American Exceptionalism (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 199).
16. David Armitage, et. al., ‘Interchange: Nationalism and Internationalism in the Era of the Civil War’, The Journal of American History, September 2011.
17. David Healy, Drive to Hegemony: The United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1917 (Madison: University of Wiscon-sin Press, 1988).
18. ---------------, US expansionism: the im-perialist urge in the 1890s (USA, 1970).
19. Dirk Bönker, Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I (Cornell University Press, 2012).
20. Edward Crapol, James G. Blaine: ar-chitect of empire (Scholarly Resources, 2000).
21. --------------------, ‘Coming to Terms with Empire’ in Michael Hogan (ed.) Paths to Power (Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press, 2002).
22. Edward J. Blum, Reforging The White Republic: Race, Religion and Ameri-can Nationalism, 1865-1898 (Louisi-ana State University Press, New Orle-ans, 2007).
23. Edward Pessen, ‘American National-ism and American Historians’, OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 2, No. 4, The Development of Nationalism and the Northwest Ordinance (Fall, 1987).
24. Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982).
25. -------------------------, "Consuming Women: Images of Americanization in the American Century”, Diplomatic History 23.3 (1999).
26. -------------------------, “considering Bor-ders”, in Michael J. Hogan and Thom-as G. Paterson, (eds.) Explaining the history of American foreign relations, 2ed ed (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
27. Elting E. Morison, (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. I (Cam-bridge: Harvard University Press, 1951).
28. Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Ethnicity and Na-tionalism in Europe Today’, Anthro-pology Today, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Feb., 1992).
29. Erkki Berndtson, ‘The Rise and Fall of American Political Science: Person-alities, Quotations, Speculations’, In-ternational Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science poli-tique, Vol. 8, No. 1, The Evolution of Political Science: Selected Case Studies (Jan., 1987).
30. Fedotoff D. White, Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1912 (Washington: Government Printing Office. 1919).
31. Francis B. Loomis, "The Attitude of the United States Toward Other American Powers," Annals of the American Academy of Social and Polit-ical Science, XXVI (1905).
32. Frank Schumacher, "The American Way of Empire: National Tradition and Transatlantic Adaptation in Amer-ica’s Search for Imperial Identity, 1898–1910." Bulletin of the German Historical Institute 31 (2002).
33. Fry A. Joseph, “Imperialism, American Style, 1890-1916,” in Gordon Martel (ed.), American Foreign Relations Re-considered, 1890-1993 (London and New York: Routledge, 1994).
34. Gail Bederman, Manliness & Civiliza-tion: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
35. George C. Herring, From colony to su-perpower: US foreign relations since 1776 (Oxford University Press, 2008).
36. Gilbert L Lycan, Twelve Major Turn-ing Points in American History (Deland, FL: Everett, 1968).
37. Henry Cabot Lodge, War With Spain, (Harper and Brothers, New York, 1899).
38. Howard Zinn, A people's history of the United States (London, New York: Longman Press, 1994).
39. James W. Caesar, ‘The Origins and Character of American Exceptional-ism’, American Po-litical Thought: A Journal of Ideas, Institu-tions, and Cul-ture, vol. 1 (Spring 2012).
40. John Offner, An Unwanted War (Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press, 1992).
41. Joseph Smith, Illusions of Conflict: An-glo-American Diplomacy Toward Lat-in America, 1865-1896 (USA, 1979).
42. Ivan Musicant, Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century (New York, 1998).
43. Lester H. Brune, Chronological history of US foreign relations: 1607-1932, Vol. 1. (UK, 2003).
44. Louis A. Pérez, Jr, Cuba: Between re-form and revolution (Oxford Universi-ty Press, USA, 2014).
45. -----------------------, The War of 1812 (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1998).
46. -----------------------, ‘1898: A War of the World’ OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 12, No. 3, The War of 1898 (Spring, 1998).
47. -----------------------, ‘Intervention, He-gemony, and Dependency: The United States in the Circum-Caribbean, 1898-1980’, Pacific Historical Review, LI (May 1982).
48. Louis L. Gould, The Spanish-American War and President McKinley (University of Kansas Press, Law-rence, 1981).
49. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues the United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876-1917 (Hill & Wang, New York, 2001).
50. Michelle Bray Davis and Rollin W. Quimby, "Senator Proctor's Cuban Speech: Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish–American War," Quarterly Journal of Speech 1969 55(2).
51. Michael Hunt, Ideology and US For-eign Policy (New Haven: Yale Univer-sity Press, 1987).
52. Morgan H. Wayne, America's Road to Empire (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993).
53. Michael Mandelbaum, The Fate of Na-tions: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centu-ries (UK, 1988).
54. Peter Mickelson, ‘Nationalism in Min-nesota During the Spanish-American War’, Minnesota History, 41 (Spring, 1968).
55. Lewis L. Gould, The Spanish-American War and President McKinley (University of Kansas Press, Law-rence, 1981), pp. 103-105.
56. ------------------- The Presidency of The-odore Roosevelt (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991).
57. Paul Dukes, The superpowers: a short history (Routledge, 2002).
58. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987).
59. Paul Kramer, The Blood of Govern-ment: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill: Uni-versity of North Carolina Press, 2006).
60. Philip A. Crowl, “Alfred Thayer Ma-han: The Naval Historian,” in Peter Pa-ret, Gordon A. Craig, and Felix Gil-bert, (eds.), Makers of Modern Strate-gy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Uni-versity Press, 1986; and Weigley, 1973).
61. Philip Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of Ameri-can Imperialism (London: Monthly Review Press, 1972).
62. Paul T. McCartney, Power and Pro-gress: American National Identity, The War of 1898 and the Rise of American Imperialism (Louisiana State Universi-ty Press, New Orleans, 2006).
63. --------------------- "American national-ism and US foreign policy from Sep-tember 11 to the Iraq war." Political Science Quarterly 119.3 (2004): 399-424. Pp.402-403.
64. -----------------------, ‘Religion, the Span-ish-American War, and the Idea of American Mission’, Journal of Church and State 54 (Spring 2012).
65. Piero Gleijeses, ‘1898: The Opposition to the Spanish-American War’, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Nov. 2003).
66. Randall S. Sumpter, “Censorship liber-ally administered”: Press, US military relations in the Spanish‐American War." Communication Law and Poli-cy 4.4 (1999).
67. Richard Collin, Theodore Roosevelt, Culture, Diplomacy, and Expansion: a new view of American Imperialism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univer-sity Press, 1985).
68. Richard Handfield Titherington, A his-tory of the Spanish-American war of 1898 (D. Appleton, 1900).
69. Richard W. Turk, “Defending the New Empire, 1901–1914,” in Hagan McMaster and Samuel P. Huntington, “National Policy and the Transoceanic Navy,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceed-ings, Vol. 80, No. 5, (May 1954).
70. Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Ra-cial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge: Har-vard University Press, 1981).
71. Robert L. Beisner, From the Old Di-plomacy to the New, 1865-1900 (1975).
72. Robert W. Rydell, All the world's a fair: visions of empire at American in-ternational expositions, 1876-1916 (University of Chicago Press, 2013).
73. Rogers Brubaker, Ethnicity Without Groups (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2004).
74. Samuel F. Bemis, A Diplomatic Histo-ry of the United States (New York, 1965).
75. --------------------, A Short History of American Foreign Policy and Diplo-matic (New York, 1964).
76. Seward W. Livermore, “American Na-val-Base Policy in the Far East 1850–1914,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 13, No. 2, (June 1944).
77. Somervell, D.G, A History of the Unit-ed States to 1941 (London, 1964).
78. Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U.S. Global De-fense Posture, 1783–2011 (RAND Corporation, 2012).
79. Thomas Paterson, Imperial Surge (Lex-ington: D.C. Heath, 1992).
80. --------------------, "United States Inter-vention in Cuba, 1898: Interpretations of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War." The History Teacher 29, no. 3 (1996).
81. Thomas D. Schoonover, The United States in Central America, 1860-1911: Episodes of Social Imperialism and Imperial Rivalry in the World System (USA, 1991).
82. ----------------------------, Dollars Over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867. (Louisiana, 1978).
83. ----------------------------, “Imperialism in Middle America: United States, Brit-ain, Germany, and France Compete for Transit Rights and Trade, 1820s-1920s,” in Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones (ed.) Eagle Against Empire: American Op-position to European Imperialism, 1914-1982 (EAAS, the European As-sociation for American Studies, 1983).
84. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, Com-mon Sense, and other political writings (Oxford University Press, 2008(.
85. Tony Smith, The Pattern of Imperial-ism (Cambridge: Cambridge Universi-ty Press, 1981).
86. Trask F. David, The war with Spain in 1898 (New York, 1981).
87. Wallace Thompson, "The Doctrine of the" Special Interest" of the United States in the Region of the Caribbean Sea." The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Sci-ence 132.1 (1927).
88. Walter LaFeber. The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (New York, 1998)
89. --------------------, The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Rela-tions: Volume 2, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865–1913 (Cam-bridge University Press, 2013).
90. --------------------, The Panama Canal: the Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
91. --------------------with Lloyd C. Gard-ner, and Thomas J. McCormick, Crea-tion of the American Empire (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1973).
92. Whitney Perkins, Constraint of Em-pire: The United States and Caribbean interventions (Oxford: Clio, 1981).
93. William H. Harbaugh, Power and Re-sponsibility: The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1997).
94. William Pfaff, The Wrath of Nations: Civilization and the Furies of National-ism (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1993).
1. Richard Olney to Thomas F. Bayard, July 20, 1895, Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, with the Annual Message of the Presi-dent, Transmitted to Congress, De-cember 2, 1895 (Washington: Gov-ernment Printing Office, 1895).
2. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Re-lations of the United States, 1898 (Washington, D.C.: Government Print-ing Office, 1899), 757. Statement of 11 April.
3. William McKinley, Speeches and Ad-dresses of William McKinley from March 1, 1897 to May 30, 1900 (Dou-bleday and McClure, New York, 1900).
4. Joseph Wheeler, in ‘Proctor Report, 7 March 1898’, Congressional Record, 55th Congress, 2nd Session (Govern-ment Printing, Washington, 1898).
ثانياً: المصادر والمراجع
1. Aaron L. Friedberg, The weary titan: Britain and the experience of relative decline, 1895-1905 (New Jersey: 1988).
2. Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A His-tory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992).
3. Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano (eds), The Colonial Crucible Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009).
4. Anatol Liven, America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Na-tionalism (Oxford University Press, New York, 2004).
5. Arnaldo Testi, “The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity,” Journal of American History 81 (March 1995).
6. Azar Gat, Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism (Cambridge Universi-ty Press, Cambridge, 2013).
7. Bart Bonikowski, Research on Ameri-can Nationalism: Review of the Litera-ture, Annotated Bibliography, and Di-rectory of Publicly Available Data Sets (Princeton University, Princeton, 2008).
8. Benjamin R. Beede, The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898-1934: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland 1994).
9. Bradford Perkins, The Cambridge His-tory of American Foreign Relations: Volume 1, The Creation of a Republi-can Empire, 1776-1865. Vol. 1. (Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
10. Brands W. H, ‘The Idea of the Na-tional Interest’, in Hogan, J. Michael (ed.), The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the ‘’American Century’’ (UK, 1999).
11. Brian J. Glenn, ‘The Two Schools of American Political Development’, Po-litical Studies Review, 2004, vol. 2.
12. Brian Klunk, Consensus and the Amer-ican Mission (University Press of America, Lanham, 1986).
13. Crapol and Schonberger, ‘The Shift to Global Expansion, 1865-1900’, in Wil-liam A. Williams, From Colony to Em-pire: Essays in the History of American Foreign Relations (New York: Wiley, 1972).
14. Greenville John, “Diplomacy and War Plans in the United States, 1890–1917,” Transactions of the Royal His-torical Society, 5th Series, Vol.11, (1961).
15. Daniel Bell, ‘The 'Hegelian Secret': Civil Society and American Excep-tionalism’ in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Is America Different? A New Look at American Exceptionalism (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 199).
16. David Armitage, et. al., ‘Interchange: Nationalism and Internationalism in the Era of the Civil War’, The Journal of American History, September 2011.
17. David Healy, Drive to Hegemony: The United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1917 (Madison: University of Wiscon-sin Press, 1988).
18. ---------------, US expansionism: the im-perialist urge in the 1890s (USA, 1970).
19. Dirk Bönker, Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I (Cornell University Press, 2012).
20. Edward Crapol, James G. Blaine: ar-chitect of empire (Scholarly Resources, 2000).
21. --------------------, ‘Coming to Terms with Empire’ in Michael Hogan (ed.) Paths to Power (Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press, 2002).
22. Edward J. Blum, Reforging The White Republic: Race, Religion and Ameri-can Nationalism, 1865-1898 (Louisi-ana State University Press, New Orle-ans, 2007).
23. Edward Pessen, ‘American National-ism and American Historians’, OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 2, No. 4, The Development of Nationalism and the Northwest Ordinance (Fall, 1987).
24. Emily S. Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982).
25. -------------------------, "Consuming Women: Images of Americanization in the American Century”, Diplomatic History 23.3 (1999).
26. -------------------------, “considering Bor-ders”, in Michael J. Hogan and Thom-as G. Paterson, (eds.) Explaining the history of American foreign relations, 2ed ed (Cambridge University Press, 2006).
27. Elting E. Morison, (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. I (Cam-bridge: Harvard University Press, 1951).
28. Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Ethnicity and Na-tionalism in Europe Today’, Anthro-pology Today, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Feb., 1992).
29. Erkki Berndtson, ‘The Rise and Fall of American Political Science: Person-alities, Quotations, Speculations’, In-ternational Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science poli-tique, Vol. 8, No. 1, The Evolution of Political Science: Selected Case Studies (Jan., 1987).
30. Fedotoff D. White, Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1912 (Washington: Government Printing Office. 1919).
31. Francis B. Loomis, "The Attitude of the United States Toward Other American Powers," Annals of the American Academy of Social and Polit-ical Science, XXVI (1905).
32. Frank Schumacher, "The American Way of Empire: National Tradition and Transatlantic Adaptation in Amer-ica’s Search for Imperial Identity, 1898–1910." Bulletin of the German Historical Institute 31 (2002).
33. Fry A. Joseph, “Imperialism, American Style, 1890-1916,” in Gordon Martel (ed.), American Foreign Relations Re-considered, 1890-1993 (London and New York: Routledge, 1994).
34. Gail Bederman, Manliness & Civiliza-tion: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
35. George C. Herring, From colony to su-perpower: US foreign relations since 1776 (Oxford University Press, 2008).
36. Gilbert L Lycan, Twelve Major Turn-ing Points in American History (Deland, FL: Everett, 1968).
37. Henry Cabot Lodge, War With Spain, (Harper and Brothers, New York, 1899).
38. Howard Zinn, A people's history of the United States (London, New York: Longman Press, 1994).
39. James W. Caesar, ‘The Origins and Character of American Exceptional-ism’, American Po-litical Thought: A Journal of Ideas, Institu-tions, and Cul-ture, vol. 1 (Spring 2012).
40. John Offner, An Unwanted War (Chapel Hill: University of North Car-olina Press, 1992).
41. Joseph Smith, Illusions of Conflict: An-glo-American Diplomacy Toward Lat-in America, 1865-1896 (USA, 1979).
42. Ivan Musicant, Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century (New York, 1998).
43. Lester H. Brune, Chronological history of US foreign relations: 1607-1932, Vol. 1. (UK, 2003).
44. Louis A. Pérez, Jr, Cuba: Between re-form and revolution (Oxford Universi-ty Press, USA, 2014).
45. -----------------------, The War of 1812 (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1998).
46. -----------------------, ‘1898: A War of the World’ OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 12, No. 3, The War of 1898 (Spring, 1998).
47. -----------------------, ‘Intervention, He-gemony, and Dependency: The United States in the Circum-Caribbean, 1898-1980’, Pacific Historical Review, LI (May 1982).
48. Louis L. Gould, The Spanish-American War and President McKinley (University of Kansas Press, Law-rence, 1981).
49. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues the United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876-1917 (Hill & Wang, New York, 2001).
50. Michelle Bray Davis and Rollin W. Quimby, "Senator Proctor's Cuban Speech: Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish–American War," Quarterly Journal of Speech 1969 55(2).
51. Michael Hunt, Ideology and US For-eign Policy (New Haven: Yale Univer-sity Press, 1987).
52. Morgan H. Wayne, America's Road to Empire (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993).
53. Michael Mandelbaum, The Fate of Na-tions: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centu-ries (UK, 1988).
54. Peter Mickelson, ‘Nationalism in Min-nesota During the Spanish-American War’, Minnesota History, 41 (Spring, 1968).
55. Lewis L. Gould, The Spanish-American War and President McKinley (University of Kansas Press, Law-rence, 1981), pp. 103-105.
56. ------------------- The Presidency of The-odore Roosevelt (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991).
57. Paul Dukes, The superpowers: a short history (Routledge, 2002).
58. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987).
59. Paul Kramer, The Blood of Govern-ment: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill: Uni-versity of North Carolina Press, 2006).
60. Philip A. Crowl, “Alfred Thayer Ma-han: The Naval Historian,” in Peter Pa-ret, Gordon A. Craig, and Felix Gil-bert, (eds.), Makers of Modern Strate-gy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Uni-versity Press, 1986; and Weigley, 1973).
61. Philip Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of Ameri-can Imperialism (London: Monthly Review Press, 1972).
62. Paul T. McCartney, Power and Pro-gress: American National Identity, The War of 1898 and the Rise of American Imperialism (Louisiana State Universi-ty Press, New Orleans, 2006).
63. --------------------- "American national-ism and US foreign policy from Sep-tember 11 to the Iraq war." Political Science Quarterly 119.3 (2004): 399-424. Pp.402-403.
64. -----------------------, ‘Religion, the Span-ish-American War, and the Idea of American Mission’, Journal of Church and State 54 (Spring 2012).
65. Piero Gleijeses, ‘1898: The Opposition to the Spanish-American War’, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Nov. 2003).
66. Randall S. Sumpter, “Censorship liber-ally administered”: Press, US military relations in the Spanish‐American War." Communication Law and Poli-cy 4.4 (1999).
67. Richard Collin, Theodore Roosevelt, Culture, Diplomacy, and Expansion: a new view of American Imperialism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univer-sity Press, 1985).
68. Richard Handfield Titherington, A his-tory of the Spanish-American war of 1898 (D. Appleton, 1900).
69. Richard W. Turk, “Defending the New Empire, 1901–1914,” in Hagan McMaster and Samuel P. Huntington, “National Policy and the Transoceanic Navy,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceed-ings, Vol. 80, No. 5, (May 1954).
70. Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Ra-cial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge: Har-vard University Press, 1981).
71. Robert L. Beisner, From the Old Di-plomacy to the New, 1865-1900 (1975).
72. Robert W. Rydell, All the world's a fair: visions of empire at American in-ternational expositions, 1876-1916 (University of Chicago Press, 2013).
73. Rogers Brubaker, Ethnicity Without Groups (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2004).
74. Samuel F. Bemis, A Diplomatic Histo-ry of the United States (New York, 1965).
75. --------------------, A Short History of American Foreign Policy and Diplo-matic (New York, 1964).
76. Seward W. Livermore, “American Na-val-Base Policy in the Far East 1850–1914,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 13, No. 2, (June 1944).
77. Somervell, D.G, A History of the Unit-ed States to 1941 (London, 1964).
78. Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U.S. Global De-fense Posture, 1783–2011 (RAND Corporation, 2012).
79. Thomas Paterson, Imperial Surge (Lex-ington: D.C. Heath, 1992).
80. --------------------, "United States Inter-vention in Cuba, 1898: Interpretations of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War." The History Teacher 29, no. 3 (1996).
81. Thomas D. Schoonover, The United States in Central America, 1860-1911: Episodes of Social Imperialism and Imperial Rivalry in the World System (USA, 1991).
82. ----------------------------, Dollars Over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867. (Louisiana, 1978).
83. ----------------------------, “Imperialism in Middle America: United States, Brit-ain, Germany, and France Compete for Transit Rights and Trade, 1820s-1920s,” in Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones (ed.) Eagle Against Empire: American Op-position to European Imperialism, 1914-1982 (EAAS, the European As-sociation for American Studies, 1983).
84. Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, Com-mon Sense, and other political writings (Oxford University Press, 2008(.
85. Tony Smith, The Pattern of Imperial-ism (Cambridge: Cambridge Universi-ty Press, 1981).
86. Trask F. David, The war with Spain in 1898 (New York, 1981).
87. Wallace Thompson, "The Doctrine of the" Special Interest" of the United States in the Region of the Caribbean Sea." The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Sci-ence 132.1 (1927).
88. Walter LaFeber. The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (New York, 1998)
89. --------------------, The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Rela-tions: Volume 2, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865–1913 (Cam-bridge University Press, 2013).
90. --------------------, The Panama Canal: the Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
91. --------------------with Lloyd C. Gard-ner, and Thomas J. McCormick, Crea-tion of the American Empire (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1973).
92. Whitney Perkins, Constraint of Em-pire: The United States and Caribbean interventions (Oxford: Clio, 1981).
93. William H. Harbaugh, Power and Re-sponsibility: The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1997).
94. William Pfaff, The Wrath of Nations: Civilization and the Furies of National-ism (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1993).
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2020-03-30
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Mahmada, S. . (2020). A reading of the historical contexts of the American-Spanish War in 1898. Humanities Journal of University of Zakho, 8(1), 96–111. https://doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2020.8.1.580
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