The Effectiveness of Using Flipped Learning Strategy in The Academic Achievement by Eight Grade Basic Students in The Subject of Science and Developing Their Reflective Thinking
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2020.8.2.597Keywords:
Flipped Learning, Academic Achievement, Science Subjec, Basic Education Grade, Reflective ThinkingAbstract
The research aims at investigating The Effectiveness of Using Flipped Learning Strategy in the Academic Achievements by Eight Grade Basic Students in the Subject of Science and Developing their Reflective Thinking. To reach the objectives of the study, two null hypotheses are constructed by the researcher. The population of the study was limited to the eight grade basic students of the academic year (2019-2020) at (Truska Basic School for Girls) which has been chosen intentionally. The researcher relied on the experimental design, with control and experimental group by adopting pre-test and post-test to the variable of Reflective Thinking, and post-test to the variable of Academic Achievement. Experimental group has been taught according to the Flipped Learning Strategy, while the control group according to the Traditional Teaching Method. The sample consists of (41) students, distributed between two groups; experimental group (21) students, (20) were control group. Equivalence between two groups are conducted in number of variables. The researcher has prepared two tools, the first one an academic achievement test to measure the academic achievement, which consists of (30) multiple choice question items extracting difficulty coefificient, discriminatory strength and effectiveness of wrong alternatives, second tool is Reflective Thinking scale which consist of (35) items distributed on five dimensions dimensions (Visual vision, Paralogisms revealing, Conclusion, Providing convincing explanation, Proposed solutions). The researcher has been confirmed the validity and reliability of these two tools. After completing the application of the tools, the data has been obtained with using statistical procedures, by using (T-test). Results are shown that using Flipped Learning Strategy in teaching Science subject has positive impact on increasing their academic achievement and developing their Reflective Thinking and using Traditional Teaching method did not show any developing in their Reflective Thinking. In the light of research results the researcher recommended important of using flipped learning strategy which described as a modern strategy, also procedures for some further future studies
References
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Abdulhamid, AT. (2010). Electronic Learning and Innovations of Learning Technology (1st ed). Alasriya: Egypt.
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Abo Awad, F M and Ayash, N A. (2012). The impact of the Strategy of Reciprocal Teaching in Developing the achievement of Nimth Grade female students in Biology and their Reflective Thinking. Hebron University Research Journal. 7(2), p.p 79-106.
Abo Hatab, F., and Fahmi, M. S. (2003). Dictionary in Psychology and Education (1st part). Egypt.
Abu Allam, R. M. (2005). Evalouation of Learning. Al Massira for Publishing, Printing, Amman: Jordan.
Abu Dayyeh, A. A. (2011). Contemporary methods of teaching social studies. Amman: Osama House for Publishing and Distribution.
Allam, S. M. (2006). Educational and Psychological tests & Scales. Al- Fiker al-Arabi: Cairo.
Al- Halaq, A. (2010). Language and Critical Thinking: Theoretical basics and Instructional Strategy( 2nd ed). Al Massira for Publishing, Printing Amman: Jordan
Al-Harithy, H. BH. (2011). The probing questions in the development of reflective thinking and academic achievement in the decision sciences at the average first grade students in the city of Makkah Al-Mukaramah. Un-published MSc thesis, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukaramah.
Al-Hadaybeh, E., and Ambusaedy, A. (2016). The Effect of Using McCarthy Model in Improving Reflective Thinking and Science Achievement for Grade 6th Basic Female Students. Jordanian Journal in Educational Sciences. Vol(12), issue(1), p.p1-15.
Al-Jaser, A. M. (2017). Effectiveness of Using Flipped Classroom Strategy in Academic Achievement and Self-Efficacy among Education Students of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University. Canadian Center of Science and education, English Language Teaching, Vol. 10, No. 4, p.p 67-77.
Al-Kubaisi, AW. H. (2007). Measurement and evaluation: innovations and discussions. Dar Jarir for Publishing and Distribution, Amman – Jordan.
Al-Nabhan, M. (2004). Fundamentals of measurement in behavioral sciences. Amman: Dar Al-Shorouk for Publishing and Distribution.
Al-Noor, A. Y. (2007). Measurement and evaluation in education and psychology. Amman: Janadriyah for publication and distribution.
Al-Samaraai, N. S. 2013. Modern Strategies in Methods of Teachin Science: Concepts, Principals, Applications. Al-Manahij for Publishing, Printing, Amman: Jordan
Al-Smadi, A and Al-Daraabi, M (2004). Psychological and educational assessment and evaluation between theory and practice, Wael Publishing and Distribution, Amman – Jordan.
Al-Sa'ydeh, N. M. (2016). Reflective Thinking and Its Relationship with Some Demographic Variables among Gifted Students in King Abdullah II Schools for Excellence in Jordan. Educational Sciences Studies, Vol, 43, No, 4, p.p 1747- 1757.
Al-Sherman, A. A H.. (2015). Blended Learning & Flipped Learning. Al Massira for Publishing, Printing Amman: Jordan.
AL-Shehri, S S. M. (2017). Evaluation of the 7th Grade Science Textbook in Light of Reflective Thinking Skills. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education. Vol(6) issue(8), p.p 1-11.
Al-ugaili, A A. Q. (2019). The Effect of Using Flipped Learning Strategy in Teaching Physics in Achievement and Development of Scientific Thinking Skills Among Students of Secondary Fifth Class Scientific in Iraq. Un-published MSc thesis, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan
AL-Zain, H. A. (2015). The Effect OF Using Flipped Learning Strategy on the Academic Achievement of the Students in the Education Department in Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, vol. 4, No, 1. pp. 171-186.
Al-zoubi, (2015). The Effect of the Brain- Based Learning in the Development of Reflective Thinking Skills among Gifted Pupils in the Eighth Grade. Journal of Educational and Psychological Science, Vol 16, No,1, p.p 43-75.
Al-Zayoud, N. F. and Elian, H. A. (2005). Principles of Measurement and Evaluation in Education. (3 rd ed). Amman: Dar Al-Fikr for Publishing and Distribution.
Al-Zoubaie, A. I, Bakir, M. E., and AL kanani, I. A. (1981). Psychological Test and Measurments. Mousil University. Dar- Al kotob.
Al-Qazzaz, M. M. M (1989). "Exploratory behavior and its relationship to some variables among sixth-grade primary students in Ninewah Governorate", First College of Education - Ibn Rushd, University of Baghdad (unpublished doctorate thesis).
AmboSaedi, A. K, Al-Barideah, A. S, and Al-Husnieh, H. A, (2019). Teacher's Strategies for Effective Teaching. (1st ed.). Al Massira for Publishing, Printing, Amman: Jordan.
AmboSaedi, A. K. and Al-blowshy, S. BM. (2009). Methods of Teaching Science: Concepts and Practical Applications. (1sted.), Al Massira for Publishing, Printing, Amman: Jordan.
Anastasi, A. and Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological Testing. (7th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, inc..
Atiyah, M A. (2008). Modern Strategies in Effective Teaching. (1st ed.), Alsafaa, Amman: Jordan. (In Arabic).
Bergmann, J., and Sams, A. (2012). Flip your classroom. (1st ed.), ISTE & ASCD, Unites States of America.
Butterick, A. M. (2017). The Effectiveness of the Flipped Classroom for Students with Learning Disabilities in an Algebra I Resource Setting. Un-published MSc thesis, Rowan University, USA.
Bretzmann, J, et al. (2013). Flipping 2.0 Practical Strategies for Flipping Your Class. (1sted.), The Bretzmann group LLC, Unites States of America.
Bsharat, L. S. M. (2017). Effect of Flipped Learning Strategy on Achievement and Mathematical Self-Concept among 10th Grade Students in Jericho Governorate. Un-published MSc thesis, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Camiling, M. K. (2017). The Flipped Classroom: Teaching the Basic Science Process Skills to High- Performing 2nd Grade Students of Miriam College Lower School. The International Academic Forum, Journal of Education, Vol, 5, Special issue, p.p 213-230.
Cohen, L. C., Manion, L, and Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education. (6th ed.). USA: Taylor &Francis library.
Collins, J. W., and O'Brien, N. P. (2003).The Greenwood Dictionary of Education. Greenwood Publishing Group: United States of America.
DeLozier, S., and Rhodes, M. (2017). Flipped classrooms: A review of key ideas and recommendations for practice. Educational Psychology Review, 29(1), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9356-9.
Demirel, E. E. (2016). Basics and Key Principles of Flipped Learning: Classes Upside Down. International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistic. Vol. 2, No. 3, September 2016, p.p 109- 112.
Dhull, P. (2017). Elements of Learning Styles and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students. International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS), Vol. 7 Issue 5, May- 2017, pp. 136- 140. Retrieved on February, 7, 2020 from: http://euroasiapub.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/06/17ESSMay-4793.pdf.
Elian, S. A., and Hamaidi, D. A. (2018). The Effect of Using Flipped Classroom Strategy on the Academic Achievement of Fourth Grade Students in Jordan. International Journal of Engineering and Technologies, Vol.13, No,2, p.p 110-125.
El- Jadba, S. A. M. (2012). The Effective of Employment Guided Imagery Strategy to the Develoment Concepts and Reflective Thinking Skills in Science for the Ninth Grade Students. Un-published MSc thesis, Islamic University, Gaza.
El-Qatrawi, A E. A E. (2010). The Effect of using the Analogical Strategy indeveloping Science Processes and Reflective Thinking Skills for the eighth grade Students. Unpublished MSc thesis, The Islamic University-Gaza.
El-Senousy, H., and Alquda, J. (2017). The effect of Flipped Classroom Strategy using Blackboard Mash-Up Tools in enhancing achievement and Self–Regulated Learning skills of university students. World Journal on Educational. Vol. 9, Issue 3, pp.144-157.
Feledichuk, D., and Wong, A. 2014. The Impact of a Flipped Classroom on International Student Achievement in an Undergraduate Economics Course. Arts Pedagogy Research and Innovation Lab, University of Alberta. 30/11/2019, Available at: https://cloudfront.ualberta.ca/-/media/arts/research/april/flippedclassroom.pdf.
Green, L.S. Banas. L. J. R. and Perkins R. A. (2017). The Flipped College Classroom-conceptualized and Re- conceptualized. Springer International Publishing. Cham, Switzerland.
Habib, M. A. (2003). Modern Attitudes in Teaching Thonking. (1st ed.), Al- Fikir: Cairo.
Haji, Sattar. J., and Aldershewi, A. (2019). Contemporary In Teaching Strategies and its Skills: Theoretical Framework and Practical Application. (1st ed.), University of Zakho. (In Kurdish & Arabic).
Hockstader, B. 2013. Flipped Learning: Personalize Teaching and Improve Student Learning. Pearson. Retrieved in, 1 March, 2020, from:
http://assets.pearsonschoolapps.com/asset_mgr/current/20134/Flipped_Classrooms.pdf.
Hulfish, H,. and Smith, p. (1961). Reflective Thinking. The method for education. New York.
Kember, D. et al. (2000). Development of a Questionnaire to Measure the Level of Reflective Thinking. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education. vol. 25, No. 4. pp. 381-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/713611442.
Kitchener, K.S. (1994). Assessing Reflective thinking with in curricular contexts. Project organization university of Denver, college of education Washington, D.C.
Lamprianou, I. and Athanasou, J. A . (2009). A Teacher’s Guide to Educational Assessment. Sense, Publishers, ROTTERDAM/BOSTON/TAIPEI.
Linn, R. L. and Norman E. G. (2000). Measurement and Assessment in Teaching. (8th ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Marlowe C. A. (2012). The Effect of the Flipped Classroom on Student AchievementT and Stress.. Un-published MSc thesis, Montana State University, USA.
Mehring, J., and Leis, A. (2018). Innovations in Flipping The Language Classroom- theories and practices. Springer Nature Singapore.
Melhem, S. M. (2002). Evaluation and Measurement in Education and Psychology. (2nd ed.), Amman: Al Massira for Publishing, Printing Amman: Jordan.
Murphy, K R. (2014). The Effect of Reflective Practice on High School Science Students’ Critical and Reflective Thinking. Un-published Doctoral thesis, Western Connecticut State University, USA.
Obed, w. and Affanna, E. (2003). Thinking and school curricula. (1st ed.). Falah library. Bayroot.
Odeh, A. (2002). Measurement and evaluation in the teaching process. (2nd ed.). (5th ed.), Irbid: Dar Al-Amal for Publishing and Distribution
Othman, H. A. (2016). The effect of using Flipped learning strategy on the achievement of seventh grade students in science and their attitudes towards science. Un-published MSc thesis, Yarmouk University, Jordan.
Porntaweekul, S, Raksasataya S. and Nethanomsak, T. (2016). Developing reflective thinking instructional model for enhancing students’ desirable learning outcomes. Educational Research and Reviews, Vol. 11, No. 6. pp. 238-251. Retrieved on February, 7, 2020 from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1094371.pdf.
Qeshta, A. K. (2016). The Impact of Using the Flipped Learning Strategy on Concept Development and Reflective Thinking in Biology among Female Tenth Graders. Un-published MSc thesis, The Islamic University– Gaza, Palestine.
Roehling, P. V. (2018). Flipping The College Classroom- An Evidence- Based Guide. Springer International Publishing. Cham, Switzerland.
Samara Aziz, Al-Nimer, Issam and Ibrahim, Mohammed Qadir, (2000). Principal of of measurement and evaluation in education. (2nd ed.), Al-Fiker: Amman.
Stanly, J. C. and Kenneth. D.H. (1970). Educational and Psychological Measurement and Evaluation. New jersey: prentice Hell,Inc.. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308749468_REFLECTION_IN_THINKING
Strayer, J. (2007). The effects of the classroom flip on the learning activity in a traditional classroom and a flip classroom that used and intelligent tutoring system (PhD), School of the Ohio state university. Retrieved 1 February, 2020 from:
http://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/osu1189523914/inline.
Talbert, R. (2017). Flipped Learning - A Guide for Higher Education Faculty. Stylus Publishing.
Van, Dalen, D. B. (2007). Methodology of research in education and psychology. (Translated by Muhammad Nabil Nofal, Sulaiman Al-Khudari Al-Sheikh, Talaat Mansour Ghobrial). Cairo: The Anglo-
Wolf, C. L. and Chan, J. (2016). Flipped Classroom For Legal Education. Springer Nature. Hong Kong..
Zaitoon, A. (2007). Constructivism Theory and Strategies of Teaching Science. (1st ed.), Al-Shrooq, Amman: Jordan.
Abdulhamid, AT. (2010). Electronic Learning and Innovations of Learning Technology (1st ed). Alasriya: Egypt.
Abdulqdir, B. M. (2017). The reflective thinking skills of the basic ninth-grade students in the city of Homs. Jornal of AL Baath University, Vol, 39(3). P.p 11-42.
Abo Awad, F M and Ayash, N A. (2012). The impact of the Strategy of Reciprocal Teaching in Developing the achievement of Nimth Grade female students in Biology and their Reflective Thinking. Hebron University Research Journal. 7(2), p.p 79-106.
Abo Hatab, F., and Fahmi, M. S. (2003). Dictionary in Psychology and Education (1st part). Egypt.
Abu Allam, R. M. (2005). Evalouation of Learning. Al Massira for Publishing, Printing, Amman: Jordan.
Abu Dayyeh, A. A. (2011). Contemporary methods of teaching social studies. Amman: Osama House for Publishing and Distribution.
Allam, S. M. (2006). Educational and Psychological tests & Scales. Al- Fiker al-Arabi: Cairo.
Al- Halaq, A. (2010). Language and Critical Thinking: Theoretical basics and Instructional Strategy( 2nd ed). Al Massira for Publishing, Printing Amman: Jordan
Al-Harithy, H. BH. (2011). The probing questions in the development of reflective thinking and academic achievement in the decision sciences at the average first grade students in the city of Makkah Al-Mukaramah. Un-published MSc thesis, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukaramah.
Al-Hadaybeh, E., and Ambusaedy, A. (2016). The Effect of Using McCarthy Model in Improving Reflective Thinking and Science Achievement for Grade 6th Basic Female Students. Jordanian Journal in Educational Sciences. Vol(12), issue(1), p.p1-15.
Al-Jaser, A. M. (2017). Effectiveness of Using Flipped Classroom Strategy in Academic Achievement and Self-Efficacy among Education Students of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University. Canadian Center of Science and education, English Language Teaching, Vol. 10, No. 4, p.p 67-77.
Al-Kubaisi, AW. H. (2007). Measurement and evaluation: innovations and discussions. Dar Jarir for Publishing and Distribution, Amman – Jordan.
Al-Nabhan, M. (2004). Fundamentals of measurement in behavioral sciences. Amman: Dar Al-Shorouk for Publishing and Distribution.
Al-Noor, A. Y. (2007). Measurement and evaluation in education and psychology. Amman: Janadriyah for publication and distribution.
Al-Samaraai, N. S. 2013. Modern Strategies in Methods of Teachin Science: Concepts, Principals, Applications. Al-Manahij for Publishing, Printing, Amman: Jordan
Al-Smadi, A and Al-Daraabi, M (2004). Psychological and educational assessment and evaluation between theory and practice, Wael Publishing and Distribution, Amman – Jordan.
Al-Sa'ydeh, N. M. (2016). Reflective Thinking and Its Relationship with Some Demographic Variables among Gifted Students in King Abdullah II Schools for Excellence in Jordan. Educational Sciences Studies, Vol, 43, No, 4, p.p 1747- 1757.
Al-Sherman, A. A H.. (2015). Blended Learning & Flipped Learning. Al Massira for Publishing, Printing Amman: Jordan.
AL-Shehri, S S. M. (2017). Evaluation of the 7th Grade Science Textbook in Light of Reflective Thinking Skills. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education. Vol(6) issue(8), p.p 1-11.
Al-ugaili, A A. Q. (2019). The Effect of Using Flipped Learning Strategy in Teaching Physics in Achievement and Development of Scientific Thinking Skills Among Students of Secondary Fifth Class Scientific in Iraq. Un-published MSc thesis, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan
AL-Zain, H. A. (2015). The Effect OF Using Flipped Learning Strategy on the Academic Achievement of the Students in the Education Department in Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, vol. 4, No, 1. pp. 171-186.
Al-zoubi, (2015). The Effect of the Brain- Based Learning in the Development of Reflective Thinking Skills among Gifted Pupils in the Eighth Grade. Journal of Educational and Psychological Science, Vol 16, No,1, p.p 43-75.
Al-Zayoud, N. F. and Elian, H. A. (2005). Principles of Measurement and Evaluation in Education. (3 rd ed). Amman: Dar Al-Fikr for Publishing and Distribution.
Al-Zoubaie, A. I, Bakir, M. E., and AL kanani, I. A. (1981). Psychological Test and Measurments. Mousil University. Dar- Al kotob.
Al-Qazzaz, M. M. M (1989). "Exploratory behavior and its relationship to some variables among sixth-grade primary students in Ninewah Governorate", First College of Education - Ibn Rushd, University of Baghdad (unpublished doctorate thesis).
AmboSaedi, A. K, Al-Barideah, A. S, and Al-Husnieh, H. A, (2019). Teacher's Strategies for Effective Teaching. (1st ed.). Al Massira for Publishing, Printing, Amman: Jordan.
AmboSaedi, A. K. and Al-blowshy, S. BM. (2009). Methods of Teaching Science: Concepts and Practical Applications. (1sted.), Al Massira for Publishing, Printing, Amman: Jordan.
Anastasi, A. and Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological Testing. (7th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall, inc..
Atiyah, M A. (2008). Modern Strategies in Effective Teaching. (1st ed.), Alsafaa, Amman: Jordan. (In Arabic).
Bergmann, J., and Sams, A. (2012). Flip your classroom. (1st ed.), ISTE & ASCD, Unites States of America.
Butterick, A. M. (2017). The Effectiveness of the Flipped Classroom for Students with Learning Disabilities in an Algebra I Resource Setting. Un-published MSc thesis, Rowan University, USA.
Bretzmann, J, et al. (2013). Flipping 2.0 Practical Strategies for Flipping Your Class. (1sted.), The Bretzmann group LLC, Unites States of America.
Bsharat, L. S. M. (2017). Effect of Flipped Learning Strategy on Achievement and Mathematical Self-Concept among 10th Grade Students in Jericho Governorate. Un-published MSc thesis, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
Camiling, M. K. (2017). The Flipped Classroom: Teaching the Basic Science Process Skills to High- Performing 2nd Grade Students of Miriam College Lower School. The International Academic Forum, Journal of Education, Vol, 5, Special issue, p.p 213-230.
Cohen, L. C., Manion, L, and Morrison, K. (2007). Research Methods in Education. (6th ed.). USA: Taylor &Francis library.
Collins, J. W., and O'Brien, N. P. (2003).The Greenwood Dictionary of Education. Greenwood Publishing Group: United States of America.
DeLozier, S., and Rhodes, M. (2017). Flipped classrooms: A review of key ideas and recommendations for practice. Educational Psychology Review, 29(1), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9356-9.
Demirel, E. E. (2016). Basics and Key Principles of Flipped Learning: Classes Upside Down. International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistic. Vol. 2, No. 3, September 2016, p.p 109- 112.
Dhull, P. (2017). Elements of Learning Styles and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students. International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences (IJRESS), Vol. 7 Issue 5, May- 2017, pp. 136- 140. Retrieved on February, 7, 2020 from: http://euroasiapub.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/06/17ESSMay-4793.pdf.
Elian, S. A., and Hamaidi, D. A. (2018). The Effect of Using Flipped Classroom Strategy on the Academic Achievement of Fourth Grade Students in Jordan. International Journal of Engineering and Technologies, Vol.13, No,2, p.p 110-125.
El- Jadba, S. A. M. (2012). The Effective of Employment Guided Imagery Strategy to the Develoment Concepts and Reflective Thinking Skills in Science for the Ninth Grade Students. Un-published MSc thesis, Islamic University, Gaza.
El-Qatrawi, A E. A E. (2010). The Effect of using the Analogical Strategy indeveloping Science Processes and Reflective Thinking Skills for the eighth grade Students. Unpublished MSc thesis, The Islamic University-Gaza.
El-Senousy, H., and Alquda, J. (2017). The effect of Flipped Classroom Strategy using Blackboard Mash-Up Tools in enhancing achievement and Self–Regulated Learning skills of university students. World Journal on Educational. Vol. 9, Issue 3, pp.144-157.
Feledichuk, D., and Wong, A. 2014. The Impact of a Flipped Classroom on International Student Achievement in an Undergraduate Economics Course. Arts Pedagogy Research and Innovation Lab, University of Alberta. 30/11/2019, Available at: https://cloudfront.ualberta.ca/-/media/arts/research/april/flippedclassroom.pdf.
Green, L.S. Banas. L. J. R. and Perkins R. A. (2017). The Flipped College Classroom-conceptualized and Re- conceptualized. Springer International Publishing. Cham, Switzerland.
Habib, M. A. (2003). Modern Attitudes in Teaching Thonking. (1st ed.), Al- Fikir: Cairo.
Haji, Sattar. J., and Aldershewi, A. (2019). Contemporary In Teaching Strategies and its Skills: Theoretical Framework and Practical Application. (1st ed.), University of Zakho. (In Kurdish & Arabic).
Hockstader, B. 2013. Flipped Learning: Personalize Teaching and Improve Student Learning. Pearson. Retrieved in, 1 March, 2020, from:
http://assets.pearsonschoolapps.com/asset_mgr/current/20134/Flipped_Classrooms.pdf.
Hulfish, H,. and Smith, p. (1961). Reflective Thinking. The method for education. New York.
Kember, D. et al. (2000). Development of a Questionnaire to Measure the Level of Reflective Thinking. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education. vol. 25, No. 4. pp. 381-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/713611442.
Kitchener, K.S. (1994). Assessing Reflective thinking with in curricular contexts. Project organization university of Denver, college of education Washington, D.C.
Lamprianou, I. and Athanasou, J. A . (2009). A Teacher’s Guide to Educational Assessment. Sense, Publishers, ROTTERDAM/BOSTON/TAIPEI.
Linn, R. L. and Norman E. G. (2000). Measurement and Assessment in Teaching. (8th ed). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Marlowe C. A. (2012). The Effect of the Flipped Classroom on Student AchievementT and Stress.. Un-published MSc thesis, Montana State University, USA.
Mehring, J., and Leis, A. (2018). Innovations in Flipping The Language Classroom- theories and practices. Springer Nature Singapore.
Melhem, S. M. (2002). Evaluation and Measurement in Education and Psychology. (2nd ed.), Amman: Al Massira for Publishing, Printing Amman: Jordan.
Murphy, K R. (2014). The Effect of Reflective Practice on High School Science Students’ Critical and Reflective Thinking. Un-published Doctoral thesis, Western Connecticut State University, USA.
Obed, w. and Affanna, E. (2003). Thinking and school curricula. (1st ed.). Falah library. Bayroot.
Odeh, A. (2002). Measurement and evaluation in the teaching process. (2nd ed.). (5th ed.), Irbid: Dar Al-Amal for Publishing and Distribution
Othman, H. A. (2016). The effect of using Flipped learning strategy on the achievement of seventh grade students in science and their attitudes towards science. Un-published MSc thesis, Yarmouk University, Jordan.
Porntaweekul, S, Raksasataya S. and Nethanomsak, T. (2016). Developing reflective thinking instructional model for enhancing students’ desirable learning outcomes. Educational Research and Reviews, Vol. 11, No. 6. pp. 238-251. Retrieved on February, 7, 2020 from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1094371.pdf.
Qeshta, A. K. (2016). The Impact of Using the Flipped Learning Strategy on Concept Development and Reflective Thinking in Biology among Female Tenth Graders. Un-published MSc thesis, The Islamic University– Gaza, Palestine.
Roehling, P. V. (2018). Flipping The College Classroom- An Evidence- Based Guide. Springer International Publishing. Cham, Switzerland.
Samara Aziz, Al-Nimer, Issam and Ibrahim, Mohammed Qadir, (2000). Principal of of measurement and evaluation in education. (2nd ed.), Al-Fiker: Amman.
Stanly, J. C. and Kenneth. D.H. (1970). Educational and Psychological Measurement and Evaluation. New jersey: prentice Hell,Inc.. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308749468_REFLECTION_IN_THINKING
Strayer, J. (2007). The effects of the classroom flip on the learning activity in a traditional classroom and a flip classroom that used and intelligent tutoring system (PhD), School of the Ohio state university. Retrieved 1 February, 2020 from:
http://etd.ohiolink.edu/rws_etd/document/get/osu1189523914/inline.
Talbert, R. (2017). Flipped Learning - A Guide for Higher Education Faculty. Stylus Publishing.
Van, Dalen, D. B. (2007). Methodology of research in education and psychology. (Translated by Muhammad Nabil Nofal, Sulaiman Al-Khudari Al-Sheikh, Talaat Mansour Ghobrial). Cairo: The Anglo-
Wolf, C. L. and Chan, J. (2016). Flipped Classroom For Legal Education. Springer Nature. Hong Kong..
Zaitoon, A. (2007). Constructivism Theory and Strategies of Teaching Science. (1st ed.), Al-Shrooq, Amman: Jordan.
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Published
2020-06-30
How to Cite
AHMED, S. ., & HAJI, S. . (2020). The Effectiveness of Using Flipped Learning Strategy in The Academic Achievement by Eight Grade Basic Students in The Subject of Science and Developing Their Reflective Thinking. Humanities Journal of University of Zakho, 8(2), 311–331. https://doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2020.8.2.597
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