PUBLIC BATHS IN THE AYYUBID ERA: A STUDY OF THEIR SOCIAL AND HEALTH FUNCTIONS (567–648 AH / 1171–1250 A.D)"

Abstract

Public baths during the Ayyubid era witnessed significant development and played multiple roles that went beyond personal hygiene. These baths were among the most prominent landmarks in Ayyubid cities, especially in Damascus, Cairo, and Aleppo. They formed a vital part of the urban infrastructure, reflecting the advancement of Islamic society during that period. From a health perspective, the baths contributed to raising awareness about cleanliness and disease prevention. They provided a suitable environment for regular bathing and were also used for traditional treatments such as massage and steam therapy. They helped in treating certain skin diseases and improving blood circulation, making them an accessible form of healthcare for the public,Socially, public baths served as daily gathering places for people of various social classes. They offered a space for social interaction and the exchange of news and ideas. Baths were also associated with important social rituals, including wedding preparations and postnatal care, particularly among women. The Ayyubid state supported these institutions through the waqf (endowment) system, allocating financial resources to ensure their continued operation. Many baths offered services free of charge or at a minimal cost, making them accessible to the poor and underprivileged. Architecturally, Ayyubid baths featured advanced and thoughtful designs, including reception halls, hot and cold rooms, and efficient water heating and drainage systems. Thus, public baths in the Ayyubid era represented an essential social and health institution that contributed to urban life quality and strengthened social bonds.