THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL CONFLICTS IN SYRIA AND IRAQ ON THE SECURITY COMPLEX IN THE MIDDLE EAST (2011-2023)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2024.12.3.1380Keywords:
The Syrian crisis, Iraq, Iran, the Gulf, and the Levant complex.Abstract
Starting in 2011, a series of uprisings led to internal changes in many countries of the Arab world, which influenced Geirangers Daniel, who then perfected those innovations in Syria and Iraq. The study here focuses on exploring the impact of politics on internal relations and anticipating its potential impact on the following advantages and benefits. This study aims to analyze and explain the extent to which the internal conflicts in Syria and Iraq have affected an increasing level of specialized vehicles in the Middle East. The study confirms that the more the internal conflicts in Syria and Iraq are interconnected and allied, that is, they affect the conflict and competition between the final interlocutors and their exit. Which reflects on the Gulf and the Levant and affects the international region? To verify the validity of the initial hypothesis of our study, we carried out multiple investigations, focusing on deductive models, analytical framework, and historical context..
References
داود تلحمي، مسارات الصِراع العربي - الإسرائيل ي بين حربين (1967-1982)، العدد 4322، 2014، متوفر على الموقع التالي، (ahewar.org) تاريخ الزيارة 7/7/2022.
سكاي نيوز العربية، العراق .. ماذا بعد إقالة "الاتحادية" الحلبوسي؟، 2023، متوفر على الموقع التالي: العراق .. ماذا بعد إقالة "الاتحادية" الحلبوسي؟ | سكاي نيوز عربية (skynewsarabia.com) تاريخ الزيارة 29/12/2023
طارق الجرسي و أخرون، إشعال الصِراعات في الشرق الأوسط أو إخماد النيران، مركز مالكوم كير-كارينغي للشرق الأوسط، 2020، متوفر على الموقع التالي: إشعال الصِراعات في الشرق الأوسط - أو إخماد النيران - مركز كارنيغي للشرق الأوسط - مؤسسة كارنيغي للسلام الدولي (carnegie-mec.org) تاريخ الزيارة 6/8/2022.
عبد الفتاح علي السالم الرشدان، الأمن الخليجي: مصادر التهديد واستراتيجية الحماية، مركز الجزيرة للدراسات-الدار العربية للعلوم ناشرون، 2015.
عزت نوح، معضلة سنجار والصِراع بالوكالة بين إيران و تركيا، المركز العربي للبحوث والدراسات، 2022، متوفر على الموقع التالي: المركز العربي للبحوث والدراسات: معضلة سنجار والصِراع بالوكالة بين إيران و تركيا (acrseg.org) تاريخ الزيارة 5/7/2023.
عرفات علي جرغون، العلاقات الإيرانية الخليجية.. الصِراع .. الإنفراج.. التوتر، دار النشر العربي، 2016.
محمد احمد خلف، الموقف العربي من مشاريع حل الصِراع العربي- الإسرائيل ي(1991-2000): دراسة تاريخية، دار الغيداء للنشر، الأردن، ط1، 2020.
حسن احمد ابراهيم; نوره علي جياد. تداعيات التدخل العسكري العراقي في الكويت (١٩٩١، مجلة العلوم الإنسانية، المجلد 2، العدد 27، , 2020, .
مراد البطل الشيشاني، العراق عام 2021: بين استمرار الأزمات المحلية والبحث عن دور إقليمي ودولي، بي بي سي، متوفر عللاى الموقع التالي: العراق عام 2021: بين استمرار الأزمات المحلية والبحث عن دور إقليمي ودولي - BBC News عربي تاريخ الزيارة 5/7/2022.
أحمد ثابت محمد و اخرون، أثر المذهبية في السياسة الخارجية الإيرانية تجاة الشرق الأوسط: دراسة حالة”العراق-سوريا-لبنان”، المركز الديموقراطي العربي، برلين، 2017.
مركز الروابط للبحوث و الدراسات الإستراتيجية، الحشد الشعبي في العراق.. النشأة والمستقبل”دراسة استقصائية”، عمان، الأردن، 2016.
أحمد الجميلي، رسالة العبادي للأسد: ربط بغداد بدمشق ومليشيات إيرانية تنفذ، العربي الجديد، متوفر على الموقع التالي: https://www.alaraby.co.uk تاريخ الزيارة 3/5/2022.
ثانيا: المصادر باللغة الإنكليزية
Adnan Abdul Amir Mehdi Al-Zubaidi, The Turkish and Iranian Military Intervention in Northern Iraq: Causes, Consequences, and Options for the Iraqi Political Decision Maker , Al-Bayan Center for Planning and Studies2023, available at: visited on 20/12/2023
Al-Jazeera, “Egypt Sentences Al Jazeera Journalists to Years in Prison”, 2014, available at: Egypt sentences Al Jazeera journalists to years in prison | Al Jazeera Americavisited on 2/2/2023.
Al-Khoei, Hayder, Iraq: Sunni Resurgence Feeds Maliki’s Fears, in: Barnes-Dacey
Julien and Levy, Daniel, The Regional Struggle for Syria, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2013.
Bechev, Dimitar, The Kurds: Between Qandil and Erbil, In: Barnes- Dacey Julien and Levy Daniel, the Regional Struggle for Syria, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2013.
Buzan, Barry and Weaver, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, (4th Ed), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press., 2003.
Cook, Steven A. and Etal, “The Contest for Regional Leadership in the New Middle East”, Middle East Security Series, 2014.
Bilal Wahab, Iran's Warming Relations with the PKK Could Destabilize the KRG, The Washington Institute, 2017.
Coskun, Bezen B., “The European Neighborhood Policy and the Middle East Regional Security Complex”, Insight Turkey,Vol 8, No (1), 2006.
Elizabeth Monroe,. Britain's moment in the Middle East, 1914-1956. Naval War College Review, Vol 17. No 2, 1964.
Esfandiary, Dina and Tababai, Ariane,« Iran’s ISIS Policy», International Affairs, Vol 91, No 1, 2015.
Finn, T.,Yemen president quits after deal in Saudi Arabia. The Guardian, available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/23/yemen-president-quits#maincontent visited on 2/2/2022.
Fix, Liana, ”Russia’s Policy towards Syria: Net is not enough”, 2012, Available at: http://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/ visited on 27/06/2022.
Galpin, Richard, “Russian Arms Shipments Bolster Syria's Embattled Assad”, 2012, p 3-4, Available at: www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east- 16797818?print=true. Visited on 2/2/2023.
Gause, Gregory F, Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War, Brooking Doha Center,2014.
Global Security, Syria - National Defence Forces (NDF), 2013, available at: https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/ndf.htm, visited on 2/2/2021.
Goodarzi, Jubin, Iran: Syria as the First Line of Defense, in: Barnes- Dacey Julien and Levy Daniel, The Regional Struggle for Syria, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2013.
Hassan, Hassan, “The Gulf States: United against Iran, Divided over Islamists”, in: Barnes-Dacey Julien and Levy Daniel, The Regional Struggle for Syria, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2013.
Hiltermann, “Iraq: The Clerics and the Militias,” No Date, International Crisis Group, available at: Iraq: The Clerics and the Militias | Crisis Group visited on 1/2/2022.
J. Jarząbek, Military Balance in the Gulf – an overview, „Wschodnioznawstwo”, 8, 2014.
Katz, Mark N, “Russia and the Conflict in Syria: Four Myths”, Middle East Policy Council, Journal Essay, Summer 2013, Volume XX, Number 2, 2013.
Katzman, Kenneth and etal, The Islamic State” Crisis and U.S. Policy, Congressional Research Service, 2014.
Khatib, Lina, (September 2014), Qatar and the Recalibration of Power in the Gulf, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2014.
Renad Mansour, Faleh A. Jabar, “The Popular Mobilization Forces and Iraq’s Future,” Carnegie Middle East Center, 2017.
Kreutz, Andrej, Syria: Russia’s best Asset in the Middle East, IFRI, Russia NIS Centre, 2010.
Larrabee, F. Stephen and Nader, Alireza, Turkish-Iranian Relations in a Changing Middle East, National Defense Research Institute (RAND), 2013.
Mazzetti,M& Apuzzo,M, U.S. Relies Heavily on Saudi Money to Support Syrian Rebels. New York Times, 2016.
BERTI, Benedetta; GUZANSKY, Yoel. Saudi Arabia's Foreign Policy on Iran and the Proxy War in Syria: Toward a New Chapter?. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 2014, 8.3: 25-34.
McDowall, A. Saudi spy chief architect of Syria policy replaced. Reuters, 2014, available at: https:// www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-intelligence/saudi-spy-chief-architect-of-syria-policyreplaced-idU.S.BREA3E1HT20140415 visited on 2/2/2022.
Nabeel A. Khoury, The Arab Cold War Revisited: The Regional Impact of the Arab Uprising, Middle East policy Council, 2023.
Nikitin, Alexander, “Russia as Permanent Member of the UN Security Council”, International Policy Analysis, 2012.
Nizameddin, talal, The Response behind Putin’s Support for Bashar AL-Assad’s Regime, Cicero Foundation Great Debate Paper No. 12/05., 2012.
Rabinovich, Itamar, Israel’s View of the Syrian Crisis, The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings, 2012.
CEPOI, Ecaterina. The Iranian Influence in Iraq. Between Strategic Interests and Religious Rivarly. Studia Politica. Romanian Political Science Review, 13.2: 2013.
Ranj Alaaldin, Iran Is Exploiting Divisions and U.S. Inaction in Iraqi Kurdistan, 2023, available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/author/ranj-alaaldin/ , Iran Is Exploiting Divisions and U.S. Inaction in Iraqi Kurdistan, visited on 4/10/2023.
Reuters, “Saudi Rejects Foreign Interference in Iraq, Blames 'Sectarian' Maliki”, 2014, available at: Saudi rejects foreign interference in Iraq, blames 'sectarian' Maliki | Reuters visited on 3/3/2023.
Seddiq, R . Border Disputes on the Arabian Peninsula. Policy 525, The Washington Institute, 2001.
Sharp, Jeremy M and Blanchard, Christopher M, Syria: Unrest and U.S. Policy, Congressional Research Service, 2012.
Michael Singh, Axis of Abraham: Arab-Israeli Normalization Could Remake the Middle East , Washington institute, 2022.
Soner Cagaptay, Rojava's Future: Four Models Explained, The Washington Institute, 2017, available at Rojava's Future: Four Models Explained | The Washington Institute visited on 2/2/2023.
Steele, Jonathan . “The Syrian Kurds Are Winning.” The New York Review of Books, 2015, pp. 24-27.
Tibi, Bassim, Conflict and War in the Middle East, 1967–1991: Regional Dynamics and the Superpowers, London: Macmillan, 1993.
Unver Noi, Aylin, “A Clash of Islamic Models”, Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, Hudson Instiute / Vol. 15, 2014.
Yilmaz, Nuh,, “Turkey: Goodbye to Zero Problems with Neighbors”, In: Barnes- Dacey Julien and Levy, Daniel, The Regional Struggle for Syria, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2013.
Young, William and et al, Spillover from the Conflict in Syria An Assessment of the Factors that Aid and Impede the Spread of Violence ,National Defense Research Institute (RAND), 2014.
Brian Katz, Axis Rising: Iran’s Evolving Regional Strategy and Non-State Partnerships in the Middle East Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2018, available at: https://www.csis.org/analysis/axis visited on 22/2/2023.
Phillip Smyth, The Shia Militia Mapping Project, The Washington Institute, 2020.
Jihad Identifiers Database” collected and made accessible online by Jihad Intel Group of the Middle East Forum, 2023, available at: Jihadist Identifiers :: Jihad Intel (meforum.org) visited on 4/6/2023.
Schmidt, Soren. "The Middle East regional security complex and the Syrian civil war." In The War for Syria, Routledge, 2019.
يحيى بوزدي، المواجهة الإيرانية الإسرائيل ية في سوريا: بين حدود الأمن وحدود النفوذ. 2019, 8.2: 83-101,Rouya Türkiyyah,.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmed M. Abdou , Tariq M. Taib
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0] that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work, with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online.