The policy of the ottoman empire towards the kurdish emirates in kurdistan 1514-1851

Abstract

The entry of Kurdistan under Ottoman control in 1514 AD after the Battle of Chaldiran was the beginning of the political relations between the Kurds and the Ottomans with the signing of the agreement of the Ottoman Sultan Selim I (1512-1520 AD) in that year with the leaders of the Kurdish Emirates to stand by the Ottoman Empire in its wars, provided that the latter recognizes the independence of the Kurdish Emirates.

Since this moment, there has been a major turning point in the history of the Ottoman-Kurdish relations, as most of the Kurdish regions became affiliated to the Ottoman state, and as a result of the participation of the Ottoman Kurds in their wars against their Safavid neighbors, especially after the previous battle, the Ottoman sultans recognized the legitimacy and authority of the Kurdish princes in their hereditary emirates, and the Ottoman state allowed With the formation of many Kurdish emirates, the number of which reached thirty major emirates, such as the emirates of Bahdinan.

Soran, Bhutan, and Baban, after the Ottoman Empire signed an agreement of friendship and alliance with those Emirates in 1515 AD.

However, the Ottoman state did not adhere to the two previous agreements to achieve several benefits for it at the expense of weakening the political entities in Kurdistan by igniting conflicts and problems between the Emirates and the Kurdish leaders, what was known as the policy of divide and rule and the Ottoman intervention in their affairs, and the achievement of financial gains by the Kurdish princes aspiring to obtain the position of the emirate as well Excessive taxation and the spread of looting and looting in the Kurdish emirates, which led to the emergence of several Kurdish uprisings to protest against this policy and defend their rights, and with the advent of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman policy aimed at restoring central control over Kurdistan to achieve its greater goal, which is the fall of the Kurdish emirates that existed for several centuries. .

And the subsequent rise of several Kurdish uprisings, and this took place at close intervals during the nineteenth century until the fall of the last emirate in 1851 AD. It was not satisfied with that, but rather deported the Kurdish princes and their families to areas far from Kurdistan to prevent them from carrying out any revolutions in the future. From here came the research problem focused on the following points:

• How was the Ottoman Empire able to impose its control over Kurdistan?
• How was the Ottomanization of Kurdistan politically and administratively?
• What was the nature of the Ottoman policy towards the Kurdish princes?
• What were the reasons that prompted the Ottoman Empire to veto the friendship and alliance agreement with the Kurdish emirates?
• To what extent has the arbitrary policy towards the Kurdish Emirates reached?
• What are the reactions of the Kurdish princes towards the arbitrary Ottoman policy?
• How did the Ottoman authorities confront the Kurdish uprisings?
• To what extent did the Ottoman Empire succeed in imposing central authority on Kurdistan? What is its impact on the rule of the Emirates?
• Why did the Ottoman Empire resort to the fall of the Kurdish emirates?
• How did the Ottoman Empire respond to the Kurdish uprisings as a result of the attempt to overthrow the Kurdish emirates?
• To what extent have the political and administrative conditions of Kurdistan reached after the fall of its emirates